ANALYTICAL aUESriONS= 
IA-, U-S-HISTORY- ,^ 

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^■^ 



LIBRARY OF CONGRESS. 



- %^1 - 

UNITED STATES OF AMERICA. 



Hnal^ttcal Question Scttes* 
'^ No. 2 . . 



HISTORY 



OF THE 



UNITED STATES. 




FOR THE USE OF TEACHERS AND THOSE 
PREPARING TO TEACH. 



COMPLETE WITH ANSWERS, 



y.j f^^Kj ibt/U 



NEW YORK AND CHICAGO: 

E. L. KELLOGG & CO 

1890, 



Copyright, 1890, 

By E. L. KELLOGG & CO., 

NEW YORK. 



A nalytical Qtiestiott Series. 
HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 



.1. 



PREFACE, 



This new Question^ Book ok History of United 
States has been prepared for teachers. It is also 
adapted for the use of schools where a compact general 
review of the whole subject is desired. The ansAvers 
have been written out in full and complete statements, 
and have been separated from the body of the questions 
with a view of facilitating and enforcing the most profit- 
able study of the subject. Each group of ten or more 
questions should be proposed to one's self as an object 
of study and thought, before reference is made to the 
answers. Indeed, each question should he tceighed and 
consideredy and the ansuwr sought in some standard text- 
hook hefore the answer herein set down is considered. In 
this way both the student's memory and judgment are 
tested and improved. The comparison of the statements 
in the text-books and the more compact answers set down 
in this work will be an excellent training. 

Acknowledgment is herewith made of obligation to 
the excellent publications of the American Book Com- 
pany. These works mark a distinct advance in the 
science of language, and have been largely consulted in 
the preparation of this manual. 



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HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 



THIRD GRADE. 



I. INTRODUCTORY QUESTIONS. 

1. What threefold division of United States history- 
may be made ? 

2. "What was the most remarkable event in each of 
these periods ? 

3. Who first discovered America ? 

4. What connection has American with European 
history ? 

5. What may be said of prehistoric America ? 

6. Where are defensive earthworks found ? 

7. Where are mounds to be found ? 

8. In what part of America are there ruins of tem- 
ples, aqueducts, bridges and roads ? 

9. Are there any Indian traditions as to the origin of 
these structures ? 

10. Into what six epochs may the history of the 
United States be divided? 

11. To which of these epochs does the Landing of the 
Pilgrims belong ? The admission of Tennessee as a 
state ? The discoveries of Capt. John Smith ? The 
Battle of Bunker Hill ? The Battle of Gettysburg ? 

5 



6 Qiiestioiis on History of the United States. 

12. To what nation belongs the credit of the first 
discoveries ? 

13. AVho were the Northmen ? Tlie Vikings ? 

14. AV'here do we read of voyages to A^inhxnd ? 

15. What is the explanation of these accounts ? 

16. What great things were going on in Europe about 
the time of Columbus ? 

17. For what were Spain and Portugal famous at 
this time ? 

18. What great sea was then famous for commerce ? 

19. How was trade then carried on with India and 
China ? 

20. When and by whom was the west coast of Africa 
explored ? 

21. When did tlie mariner's compass come into use ? 

22. What was the early history of Columbus ? 

23. What were the opinions current in his time as to 
the shape of the earth ? 

24. How did he purpose to reach India, and what was 
the supposed distance ? 

25. HoAV did he purpose to prove his theory ? 

26. To whom did Columbus first set forth his views? 

27. What part in the story does the King of Portu- 
gal play ? 

28. To what court did Columbus next apply? 

29. Why did he not then receive aid ? 

30. What queen finally listened to Columbus ? 

n. EPOCHS OF HISTORY. 

31. In the three-fold division of the history of the 
United States, what is the extent of the period of dis- 
covery and settlement? 

32. What is the extent of the period of the establish- 
ment of the Union ? 



Epochs of History, 7 

33. What is the period of the development of tlie 
Union ? 

34. If the history of the United States be divided 
into six epochs, what is the period of discovery and 
settlement ? 

35. What is the extent of the period of the develop- 
ment of the English colonies ? 

36. What event marks the beginning of this epoch ? 

37. What event marks the end of this epoch ? 

38. What is the extent of the third epoch — the Eev- 
olutionary AVar ? 

39. What event marks the beginning of this epoch ? 

40. AVhat event marks the end of the epoch ? 

41. What is the extent of the fourth epoch — the 
development of the states ? 

42. What event marks the beginning of this epoch ? 

43. AVhat event marks the end of this epoch ? 

44. What is the extent of the fifth epoch — the Civil 
War ? 

45. What event marks the beginning of this epoch ? 

46. What event marks the end of this epoch ? 

47. What is the extent of the sixth epoch — Recon- 
struction and national expansion? 

48. What event marks the beginning of this epoch ? 

49. In the three-fold division of American history, 
what is the title of the first period ? 

50. When and with what great event does this period 
begin ? 

51. The establishment of what commonwealth marks 
the end ? 

52. What is the title of the second of the three great 
periods ? 

53. With what war does this period open ? 

54. What treaty marks the close of this period ? 



8 Qitestions on History of the United States. 

55. AV'luit is the title of the last of these three periods? 

56. AVho was president at the beginning of this 
period ? 

57. Of how many states does the Union now consist ? 

58. Name tlie greatest event in the first period. 

59. AVhat was the most decisive event in the second 
period ? 

60. "What is the most important event in the third 
period ? 



FIRST EPOCH. 



III. THE EARLIEST DISCOVERIES. 

61. Why is America called the New AVorld ? 

62. Was Columbus the first to discover America? 

63. What ground is there for belief in a previous dis- 
covery by Norsemen ? 

64. How do historians regard the accounts ? 

65. What interest attaches to the Old Tower at Nevr- 
port, Hhode Island ? 

66. How is Columbus to be regarded in relation to the 
so-called discoveries by the Northmen ? 

67. When, and from what place, and with how many 
vessels, did Columbus sail on his first voyage of discov- 
ery? 

68. How did Queen Isabella show her interest in the 
enterprise ? 

69. By whom were the expenses borne ? 

70. What three vessels constituted the fleet ? 

71. What were the chief incidents of the voyage ? 

72. How did the sailors regard the trade winds? 

73. What signs of land were seen ? 



The Earliest Discoveries » 9 

74. What evidences of greatness did Columbus mani- 
fest during the voyage ? 

75. Give the date of Columbus's landing on the shores 
of the New World ? 

76. What was the name of the island on which he 
landed ? 

77. What did Columbus suppose he had discovered? 

78. Give an account of Columbus's return. 

79. What subsequent voyages did Columbus make ? 

80. Did Columbus ever reach the mainland ? 

81. Did Columbus ever realize the grandeur of his 
discovery ? 

82. AVhy was the continent named America ? 

83. What was the object of John Cabot's first voyage ? 

84. What part of the coast did he explore ? 

85. What was the date of Cabot's discovery? 

86. What country did Cabot think he had reached? 

87. What discoveries were made by Sebastian Cabot ? 
When ? 

88. What celebrated voyage was made by Vasco de 
Gama ? When was this ? 

89. What was the importance of this discovery ? 

90. When and by whom was the world first circum- 
navigated ? 

91. Give the details of his voyage. 

92. What facts were made evident by this voyage ? 

93. Who was Ponce de Leon, and what did he dis- 
cover ? 

94. When and by whom was the Pacific ocean dis- 
covered ; by whom and why named ? 

95. What four European nations took part in the ex- 
ploration of what is now the United States ? 

96. What part of the continent did each explore ? 



lo Qiiestions on History of the United States 

97. Wliat three things did Cohinibus hope to accom- 
plish by his later voyages? 

98. AVhat was the character of the natives found ]>y 
tlic first discoverers ? 

99. Why were tliey called Indians ? 

100. AVhat tribes of Indians live along the Atlantic 
coast ? 

IV. SPANISH EXPLORATIONS. 

101. When and by whom was Mexico discovered ? 

102. At what point did he land ? 

103. AVho was the great king of Mexico at this time? 

104. Give an account of the conquest of Mexico by 
Cortez. 

105. What were the characteristics of the civilization 
of the Mexicans ? 

106. When did Mexico become a Spanisli province. 

107. How long did it remain so ? 

108. What further conquests did Cortez make ? 

109. What finally became of the natives of the West 
India Islands ? 

110. When and by whom was Peru subdued? 

111. Give an account of the discoveries of Narvaez. 

112. Who was De Soto and what was his object ? 

113. Give an account of his expedition. 

114. From what did California receive its name ? 

115. What was the extent of the Spanish possessions 
in Xorth America at the close of the IGth century? 

116. What other portions did they claim by right of 
discovery ? 

117. How accurate was the geographical knowledge at 
that time? 



Tdc French Explorations — English Explorations. 1 1 



V. THE FRENCH EXPLORATIONS. 

118. When and by whom were the first French ex- 
])lorations ? 

119. What part of the continent did he reach ? 

120. Give the extent of his explorations. 

121. Were his discoveries original ? 

122. What name did he apply to the country, and to 
what was the name afterward confined ? 

123. When and by whom was the St. Lawrence dis- 
covered ? 

124. When and by whom was the next French voyage 
of discovery ? 

125. Give the history of the colony of Port Royal. 

126. When and by whom was the second exploration 
of the St. Lawrence ? 

127. When and where was the first permanent 
French settlement in Canada? 

128. When, and by whom, and under what circum- 
stances was the discovery of Lake Ohamplain ? 

129. Give an estimate of the work of Champlain. 

130. When, by whom, and with what object was the 
Mississippi Valley first explored? 

131. Name some of these Jesuit explorers and give 
their exploits. 

132. From whom did Louisiana get its name ? 

"^33' What was the extent of the French explorations 
at the end of the 17th century? 

VI. ENGLISH EXPLORATIONS. 

134. What was Frobisher^s object, and how did he 
expect to accomplish it ? 

135. Who was Sir Francis Drake ? 

136. Who was Sir Humphrey Gilbert ? 



12 Qiiestions on History of the United States, 

137. AVlicn luul where did Sir Walter Raleigh first 
attempt to found a colony ? 

138. Give an account of Raleigh^s second attempt at 
colonization. 

139. What was the result of this attempt ? 

140. What territory was granted to the London Com- 
pany? 

141. What important settlement was made under 
the auspices of this company ? 

142. What grant was made to the Plymouth Company ? 

143. What was the nature of the charters granted to 
these companies? 

144. What industrial mistake was there in the organi- 
zation of the Jamestown Colony ? 

145. When did the Dutch take part in explorations ? 

146. Who was Henry Hudson ? for what remarkable ? 

147. What claim based on Hudson's discoveries did 
the Dutch make ? 

148. What name did they give to their claim ? 

149. When did the Dutch settle New Amsterdam ? 



VII. SUMMARY OF EXPLORATIONS. 

150. To what part of North America did Spain con- 
fine her explorations and settlements ? 

151. Where were the only Spanish settlements in the 
United States? 

152. What was the extent of the French claim, and 
where were their first settlements ? 

153. What was the extent of the English claims and 
settlements ? 

154. AVhat territory was claimed by the Dutch ? 
AVhere was their first settlement ? 



155. Show how these claims overlapped. 



Development of the English Colony, 13 

156. What two centuries of exploration had there 
been ? 

157. AVhat one century of settlement ? 

158. What five permanent settlements were made in 
the beginning of the 17th century? 



SECOND CENTURY. 



VIII. DEVELOPMENT OF THE ENGLISH COLONY. 

159. Name the thirteen English colonies. 

160. In what' respect had each of these a separate 
history ? 

161. Which of these are the New England Colonies? 

162. AVhat is to be said of Maine and Vermont? 

163. AVliich was first settled, and which last ? 

164. What was the character of the Virginia colonists? 

165. What was the nature of their trials? 

166. Who was Captain John Smith ? 

167. Who were Pocahontas and Powhatan? 

168. How did tlie London Company regard their 
colony ? 

169. What two things did the company desire of the 
colonists ? 

170. When did Lord Delaware and his fleet arrive ? 

171. AVho was the first governor of Virginia, and how 
did he rule ? 

172. Where was the first Virginia Assembly organized ? 

173. Why is this important ? 

174. When was slavery first introduced into the 
colonies ? 

175. Who first called North Virginia New England? 



14 Questions on History of the United States. 

176. When and where was the landing of the Pilgrims? 

177. What had the Plymouth Company to do with 
this settlement ? 

178. What form of government had the Pilgrims? 

179. What was the character of the Pilgrims? 

180. Give an account of their sufferings. 

181. What were their relations Avith the Indians ? 

182. Who was Samoset ? Massasoit ? Canonicus ? 

183. AVho was first governor of the Plymouth colony ? 

184. When was this colony united with Massachusetts 
Bay Colony ? 

185. AVhen was Massachusetts Bay Colony settled ? 

186. Who was the first governor of this coloiiy ? 

187. W^ho was Roger Williams ? 

188. Under what circumstances was Ehode Island 
settled ? 

189. When was the union of the New England Col- 
onies made, and of what settlements was it formed ? 

190. AVhat was the object of this league ? 

191. Who was King Philip ? What was the cause of 
the war called by his name ? 

192. AVhen did this war begin ? 

193. What was the result of this war ? 

194. W^lien did New Ejigland become a royal prov- 
ince? 

195. AVlio was the first royal governor of New Eng- 
land ? 

196. Give an account of his rule. 

197. Who was the second royal governor ? 

198. How long did Massachusetts continue a royal 
province ? 

199. What trouble was caused by the Quakers ? 



Development of the English Colony. 15 

200. When and what was the ^^ Salem Witchcraft" 
delusion ? 

201. What two colonies were in their early history 
united with Massachusetts ? 

202. What two men obtained a grant of the land be- 
tween the Merrimac and the Kennebec River ? 

203. When do wo first hear of Maine ? 

204. How did Massachusetts secure the territory of 
Maine ? 

205. When was Maine separated from Massachusetts? 

206. What attitude was held by the feeble settle- 
ments of New Hampshire toward Massachusetts ? 

207. Name three important dates connected with 
New Hampshire. 

208. What double claim Avas made to Connecticut ? 

209. Who was the first on the ground ? 

210. Show tlie connection of Massachusetts Bay Col- 
ony and of Plymouth Colony with the settlement of 
Connecticut. 

211. What was the Pequod War? 

212. How is Roger Williams connected witli the his- 
tory of Rhode Island ? 

213. When and how did the Pequod War end ? 

214. AVhat three colonies were established within the 
limits of Connecticut ? 

215. What form of government had the New Haven 
colony ? 

216. What is remarkable in the government of the 
Connecticut Colony? 

217. What became of the Saybrook Colony? 

218. What change came over the government of the 
Connecticut colonies in 1G62 ? 

219. Explain how the three Connecticut colonies be- 
came two, and finally one, 



1 6 Questions on History of the United States, 

220. What was the Charter Oak ? 

221. What event made the Charter Oak famous? 

222. When and by whom was Rhode Island settled ? 

223. What ideas did Roger Williams impress upon 
the Rhode Island colonists ? 

224. Give an account of the origin of the govern- 
ment of the Rhode Island colony. 

225. AVhen did the Dutch first visit the Hudson 
River ? 

226. Under whose patronage were the first perma- 
nent settlements in New York made ? 

227. What two early settlements were made by the 
Dutch ? 

228. Fix the dates of these settlements. 

229. When and for how much was the famous pur- 
chase of Manhattan Island ? 

230. Name the first and the last of the four Dutch 
governors. 

231. When did the English take possession of Man- 
hattan Island ? 

232. The name New Amsterdam was replaced by 
what name? 

233. Give an account of the rule of the English gov- 
ernors. 

234. What connection had New Jersey with New 
Netherlands ? 

235. When and where was the first permanent English 
settlement in New Jersey made ? 

236. AVhat connection had Berkeley and Carteret with 
the history of New Jersey ? 

237. Account for East and West Jersey. 

238. When was New Jersey united with New York 
and when did it become a separate royal province ? 



Inter-Colonial Wars, 17 

239. When aud by whom was the first settlement 
made in Delaware? 

240. AVho first settled Pennsylvania? 

241. Who was William Penn and for what was he 
famous ? 

242. When and by whom was Philadelphia founded ? 

243. AVhat does the name" Philadelphia mean ? 

244. How rapid was the growth of this colony ? 

245. Describe Penn's treaty with the Indians. 

246. When and by whom was Maryland settled ? 

247. How did the Maryland charter differ from that 
of Virginia ? 

248. When and by whom were the Carolinas settled? 

249. Explain the origin of North and South Carolina. 

250. When and by whom was Georgia settled ? 

IX. INTER-COLONIAL WARS. 

251. Give the names and dates of the four inter-colo- 
nial wars. 

252. What was the main cause of these wars? 

253. What part did the Indians take in the wars ? 

254. Which was the most important of these wars ? 

255. What great question was involved in the French 
and Indian War ? 

256. What was the extent of English and also of 
French territory at this time ? 

257. AVhat was the disputed region ? 

258. What part had George Washington in this story? 

259. Give an account of General Brad dock. 

260. When did Wolf capture Quebec ? 

261. What was the result of the French and Indian 
War? 

262. What possessions did France cede to England ? 



1 8 Questions on History of the United States. 

263. Wliat })ossessions did Spiim cede to England ? 

264. What possessions did France cede to Spain ? 

265. AVhat was tlie cost, to the colonists, of the 
French and Indian War ? 

266. What were the advantages to the colonists of the 
French and Indian war ? 

267. AVhat was tlie population and which were the 
largest cities in the thirteen colonies ? 

268. What three forms of government were known 
among the colonies? 

269. What three colonies had charter governments ? 

270. Which colonies had proprietary governments ? 

271. What three colonies at first under proprietary 
government and afterward became royal provinces ? 

272. In what respect had the colonists become 
Americans ? 

273. AVhich colony furnishes the first instance of a 
written constitution framed by the people ? 

274. Which colony furnishes " The first legal declara- 
tion of liberty of conscience ever adopted in America^^ ? 

275. What was the Grand Model ? 

276. AVhat nine colleges were established during the 
colonial period ? 

277. What was the chief pursuit of the peo^^le ? 

278. AYliat were some of the manufactures of this 
period ? 

279. When and where was the first printing-press set 
up in America ? 

280. A\ heii and where was the first newspaper estab- 
lished in America? 

281. What were the usual modes of travel? 

282. What were the flying machines between New 
York and Philadelphia ? 

283. Where was the first stage route ? 



Beginning of the Revolution, 1 9 

284. What celebrated man perfected the post office 
of the colonies ? 

285. What was governor Berkeley's opinion of free 
schools and printing presses ? 

286. In what respects were the thirteen colonies alike ? 

287. What was the effect in America of the revolu- 
tion of 1688? 

X. BEGINNING OF THE REVOLUTION. 

288. How loyal to Great Britain were the colonies at 
the close of the French and Indian war ? 

289. Under what conditions would this loyalty have 
continued ? 

290. How was this regarded by the wisest English 
statesmen of that time ? 

291. What was the attitude of King George III. and 
his counsellors ? 

292. What just reasons were there for the taxation of 
the colonies ? 

293. Into what two classes may the causes of the 
revolution be divided ? 

294. State the chief of the remote causes. 

295. To what purport may William Pitt be quoted ? 

296. W^hat was the direct cause of the Kevolutionary 
War? 

297. What was the maxim of the colonists ? 

298. How did the British government meet this cry ? 

299. What were the Writs of Assistance ? 

300. With what common law maxim did the colonists 
meet this ? 

301. What Avere the provisions of the stamp act ? 

302. What was intrinsically bad in the stamp act ? 

303. Upon what did the colonists base their objec- 
tion ? 



20 Questions on History of the United States. 

304. AVas the English Parliament of one mind on this 
question ? 

305. How was the Stamp Act resisted ? 

306. When was the Stamp Act repealed ? 

307. AVhat was the next act of Parliament ? 

308. What was the Mutiny Act ? 

309. AVhat conflict was there between Parliament and 
the New York iVssembly ? 

310. What conflict between Parliament and the Mas- 
sachusetts Assembly ? 

311. What was the attitude of the Assemblies of the 
other colonies ? 

312. Give the date and occasion of the Boston massa- 
cre. 

313. Give an account of the Boston Tea Party. 

314. What events brought the disaffection to a cli- 
max ? 

315. Give the place, date and character of the first 
Continental Congress. 



THIRD EPOCH. 



XI. THE REVOLUTIONARY WAR. 

316. Give the date, place, and cause of the first battle 
of the Ivevolutionary AYar. 

317. What was the result of this battle ? 

318. Give the date and result of the battle of Bunker 
Hill. 

319. When and where was the second Continental 
Congress, and what Avas accomplished thereby ? 

320. Name two other important events of the year 

i < < c). 



The Revolutionary War, 21 

321. Give in order tlie principal events of 1776. 

322. How may the feelings of the Americans dnring 
til is year be summed np ? 

323. What names were given to the two parties into 
which the colonists were divided ? 

324. What was the character of George III ? 

325. Give the dates of the battles of Princeton, 
Brandywine, and Germantown. 

326. What was the effect of these battles on the 
Americans ? 

327. What important town was now in possession of 
the British ? 

328. What event, called one of the decisive battles of 
the world, took place in this year ? 

329. Give the place, time, and importance of this 
event. 

330. What brilliant action had preceded by two 
months the surrender of Burgoyne ? 

331. AVhy was the invasion of Burgoyne so signifi- 
cant ? 

332. Why did it fail ? 

33Z- Where did Gen. Stark gain renown ? 

334. AVhat tragic event marks this period of the war ? 

335' What were his last and noble words ? 

336. Name the several advantages accruing to the 
Americans by the surrender of Burgoyne. 

337. What was its effect in England and in France ? 

338. Where were the winter quarters of each army 
during the winter of 1777-78 ? 

339. What were the peculiar trials of that winter? 

340. Illustrate the extremity to which the army was 
reduced. 

341. What was the Conway Cabal, so called, of this 
time? 



2 2 Questions on History of the United States. 

342. Wliatclieeriiig features mark tlie spring of 1778? 

343. AVhat good news came from Fi-ance ? 

344. Why did Howe evacuate Philadelphia? 

345. AYhat was the date and the result of the battle 
of ^lonmouth Court House ? 

346. Wliat American general was court-martialed for 
his conduct at this battle ? 

347. Give the military i^osition, July 4, 1778. 

348. When was the celebrated Wyoming Massacre ? 

349. What was the character of the campaign of the 
year 1779 ? 

350. What brilliant exploit belongs to the year 1779? 

351. Wlio was the famous American naval hero of 
these times ? 

352. AVhat was his celebrated exploit at this time ? 

353. What remarkable incident occurred during this 
battle ? 

354. What are the chief events of the year 1780 ? 

355. Give the details of Arnold's treason. 

356. What was Arnold's reward for his treachery ? 

357. AVhat became of Andre ? 

358. Who were Andre's patriotic captors and how 
were they rewarded ? 

359. What was the supreme event of 1781 ? 

360. What bold move by Washington fixed the fate 
of Cornwallis? 

361. What part had the French in the closing incident 
of the war ? 

362. What was the effect of the surrender of Corn- 
wallis ? 

363. How was the news received in Philadelphia? 

364. W^hat was the effect in England ? 

365. State the difficulties that still beset the United 
States. 



Development of the States, 23 

366. Name two incidents illustrative of AVasliington's 
greatness. 

367. Where was the British army from 1781 to 1783 ? 

368. Give the final incidents of the close of the war ? 

369. What dates mark the beginning and the close of 
the revolutionary contest ? 

370. What kind of government had the colonies dur- 
the war ? 

371. What was the great defect of this form of gov- 
ernment ? 

372. What was the popular feeling relative to the 
states and Congress? 

373. What and where was Shay^s Rebellion? 

374. What was the great need of the hour ? 

375. How was a stronger and more national govern- 
ment secured ? 

376. When was our present Constitution adopted ? 

377. When did the government under the Constitu- 
tion go into operation ? 



FOURTH EPOCH. 



XII. DEVELOPMENT OF THE STATES. 

378. What event and what date marks the beginning 
of this epoch ? 

379. When, where, and in what manner was this 
event celebrated ? 

380. What was the popular feeling toward Washing- 
ton ? 

381. Where was he inaugurated? 

382. How long was New York the capital, and what 
city succeeded to this honor ? 



24 Questions on History of the United States. 

383. When and where did the first Congress under 
tlie new Constitution meet? 

384. What provision did the Constitution contain for 
its ratification ? 

385. What secured the intelligent adoption of tlie 
Constitution ? 

386. What great statesmen discussed the Constitution 
in writing? 

387. AVhat was "The Federalist '^ ? 

388. AVhat states were the first to ratify the Constitu- 
tion ? 

389. In which of the states was the opposition to the 
Constitution strongest ? 

390. Which states did not ratify the Constitution until 
after the new government was in operation ? 

391. How may the change into the new state of affairs 
be described ? 

392. In what respects was the national government 
to be like the state government ? 

393. AVhat were some of the objections brouglit 
against the Constitution? 

394. AVhat were the chief difficulties that beset tlie 
new government ? 

395. AVhich was the most pressing and imperative 
business before Congress? 

396. AVho was fortunate enough to see the solution 
of this difficulty ? 

397. What was Hamilton's proposal in relation to the 
state debts ? 

398. What did he propose as to the continental cur- 
rency ? 

399. What proposition gave rise to prolonged debate? 

400. What were the two chief political parties at this 
time ? 



Development of the States, 25 

401. What may be said as to the number and 
influence of the Federalists ? 

402. What was the general position of the Federalists ? 

403. What was the general position of the anti-Fed- 
eralists ? 

404. Show how the assumption of the debts of the 
states was connected with the location of the national 
capital. 

405. When and where was the Whiskey Rebellion? 

406. What was the occasion of this insurrection ? 

407. What two treaties were made during this period ? 

408. What European complication made trouble in 
this country ? What was Washington's position ? 

409. Who were the leaders of the anti-Federalist or 
Republican party, and what measures did they oppose ? 

410. Who were the leaders of the Federalist party, 
and what relation did they hold to Washington's 
administration ? 

411. What act of Washington in 1800 has become 
unwritten law ? 

412. What shows how evenly the two parties were di- 
vided ? 

413. What state paper fitly closed Washington's pub- 
lic services? 

414. Who was president and who vice-president from 
1797 to 1801? 

415. What was peculiar about this administration ? 

416. What was the chief thing that divided the two 
parties at this time ? 

417. What was the effect of Jay's treaty? 

418. How did the president prevent war with France ? 

419. How did France treat this commission? 

420. How was this received in America? 



26 Questions on History of the United States. 

421. What was Pinckney's oft quoted maxim in rela- 
tion to tlie trouble with France ? 

422. AVhat were the Alien and Sedition laws? 

423. How did the leading Republicans regard the 

Alien and Sedition laws ? 

424. How was the trouble with France finally settled ? 

425. For what was the year 1799 memorable ? 

426. AYho was the third president of the United 
States; what was the period of his administration; and 
what was the most important event of that period ? 

427. Show the importance of the purchase of Louisi- 
ana. 

428. State the connection between Aaron Burr and 
Alexander Hamilton. 

429. Give Burr's later history. 

430. What invention makes Jefferson's administra- 
tion memorable ? 

431. What difficulties with foreign nations occurred 
during Jefferson's administration ? 

432. What troublesome claim was made by England ? 
433- What was the Embargo Act? 

434. Who was fourth president; what was the period 
of his administration, and by Avhat great event was it 
marked ? 

435. AYhat Indian difficulties were there during 
Madison's administration ? 

436. AVhat was the cause of the second war with 
Great Britian? 

437. Give the dates of the beginning and eiul of this 
war. 

438. What unfortunate event marked the opening of 
the war ? 

439. AVhat second reverse ? 



Development of the States. 27 

440. "What naval victories offset tlie reverses by land 
during the year 1812 ? 

441. What was the extent and resnlt of these naval 
victories ? 

442. What was the American plan of campaign for 
the year 1813? 

443. What was the date and character of Perry's vic- 
tory ? 

444. What battle upon the land conspired with 
Perry's victory to virtually decide the war ? 

445. What instance of naval heroism was there dur- 
ing this year ? 

446. What important events occurred in 1814 ? 

447. What battle occurred after the signing of the 
treaty of peace ? 

448. What was remarkable about this engagement? 

449. What were the results of this second war with 
Great Britain ? 

450. Who was the fifth president; what was the period 
of his administration, and the greatest event that oc- 
curred during the period ? 

451. What great question now began to be a subject 
of violent discussion ? 

452. What six states were added to the Union in six 
successive years, 1816 to 1821? 

453. What was the great question as to the admission 
of Missouri ? 

454. Show how the slavery question was one of vast 
importance. 

455- What was the great and general question as to 
slavery, and what practical form did it take during 
Monroe's administration ? 

456. Who was the author and what were the provi- 
sions of the Missouri Oomj)romise ? 



28 Questions on History of the United States. 

457. What celebrated invention gave a new imj^ulse 
to the cotton industry f 

458. AVhat three great staples of the south were cul- 
tivated by slave labor exclusively ? 

459. AVhat joyous event occurred 1824? 

460. AYhat important treaty was negotiated during 
the early part of Monroe's administration ? 

461. Who was the author of, and what was the Mon- 
roe Doctrine? 

462. When and where was there a celebrated viola- 
tion of this doctrine? 

463. AVhat second great question, other than the ex- 
tension of slavery arose during Monroe's administration ? 

464. What effect had this question upon the Kepub- 
lican party ? 

465. Into what two divisions did the Republican party 
begin to split ? 

466. What two questions divided the Whigs and the 
Democrats ? 

467. What is a protective tariff? 

468. What are internal improvements? 

469. What is meant by the " Era of good feeling ?" 

470. During whose administration were free and 
slave states admitted alternately ? 

471. Which were the free and which the slave states ? 

472. AVhat struggle showed that the ^^Era of good 
feeling " had come to an end ? 

473. The " Era of good feeling," was a calm between 
what two storms? 

474. What attitude had the founders of the rejniblic 
taken toward slavery ? 

475. AVhat pro-slavery arguments were advanced dur- 
ing tlic debate on the admission of Missouri ? 

476. AVliat was the anti-slavery argument ? 



Development of the States. 29 

477. How many states were there and what was the 
population at the fourth census, 1820 ? 

478. Name two great leaders of the Whigs, and two 
of the Democrats. 

479. Who was the sixth president; what his term of 
office, and what its most important event ? 

480. When was the Erie Canal opened ? 

481. What was the financial condition of the country 
during Adams's administration ? 

482. What may be said of the American system of 
2^rotection at this time ? 

483. The death of what two ex-presidents occurred 
during this administration ? 

484. Who Avas the seventh president; what was his 
term of service, and what the most important event of 
his administration ? 

485. What was the character of Andrew Jackson ? 

486. What unfortunate official practice did he origi- 
nate ? 

487. Show the radical character of this innovation. 

488. What was the Nullification Act of South Caro- 
lina? 

489. How did President Jackson meet this difficulty ? 

490. What great patriot came to the rescue ? 

491. What was Jackson^s attitude tow^ards the United 
States Bank ? 

492. What troubles were there with the Indians dur- 
ing Jackson's administration ? 

493. Who were the candidates of the two j^arties at 
the next presidential election? 

494. What was the result of the election, and Avhat 
did it mean ? 

495. Who was the eiglith president ; what was his 
term of service, and what was the chief event of tbat 
time ? 



30 Questions on History of the United States. 

496. In what resjocct did Van Buren's administration 
suffer from the doings of the preceding? 

497. What important boundary question was agitated 
duriug his administration ? 

498. Who was the successful candidate at the next 
presidential election, and what did his election mean ? 

499. AVho were respectively tlie ninth and tenth presi- 
dents, and what was their term of office? 

500. What was the origin of the Mormon Problem ? 

501. What were the significant events of the Harri- 
son-Tyler administration ? 

502. Give the history of the Annexation of Texas. 

503. How was the Northwest Boundary Question set- 
tled? 

504. What was the great question in the next presi- 
dential campaign, and how was it settled ? 

505. AVho was the eleventh president; what his term 
of service, and what was the chief event of his adminis- 
tration ? 

506. What war was a legacy of the admission of Tex- 
as? 

507. What was the ground of dispute between be- 
tween Texas and Mexico ? 

508. AVhat three armies took part in the war with 
Mexico ? 

509. AYliat Avas accomplished by General Taylor's 
army ? 

510. What work was assigned to General Kearney^s 
army? 

511. What was done by General Scott's army? 

512. AVhat was the date of the treaty of peace, and 
wliat Avas gained thereby ? 

513. Show how Texas became the *' bone of domestic 
contention " in August, 1S4G, 



Development of the states. 31 

514. What important discovery on tlie Pacific coast 
was made just at the close of the Mexican war ? 

515. Describe the excitement made by this discovery. 

516. AVhat three political parties appealed to the 
country in the fall of 1848, and what was the result of 
the election ? 

517. Who were the twelfth and thirteenth presidents; 
Avhat was their term of service, and what was the chief 
event of this period ? 

518. In what respect was this administration like the 
one of eight years before ? 

519. AVhat was the great political question of this ad- 
ministration ? 

520. What gave rise to the Free Soil party? 

521. Show how California brouglit up the slavery 
question. 

522. What two great statesmen advocated compro- 
mise ? 

523. What were the provisions of the Compromise of 
1850? 

524. What important bill became a law, Sept. 18, 1850? 

525. Who w-ere the great anti-slavery orators that 
opposed this bill ? 

526. What leading northern statesman supported it? 

527. What was the effect of this law ? 

528. What was the population of the United States 
by the census of 1850 ? 

529. What was the financial, industrial, and literary 
status of the Union in 1850 ? 

530. What new educational institution became popu- 
lar ? 

531. What noted American author had just died ? 

532. What other literary men had become prominent ? 



32 Questions on History of the United States. 

533- What works had made Hawthorne, Longfellow 
and Emerson famous ? 

534. What book, more widely read throughout the 
world than any other, appeared at this time? 

535. Describe the effect produced by this great work. 

536. AYhat was the position of parties in the presi- 
dential election of 1852 ? 

537. AYhat was the result of the election ? 

538. AVho was the fourteenth president; what was his 
term of office, and what Avas the chief event of his ad- 
ministration ? 

539. How was the Missouri Compromise overthrown ? 

540. What prominent statesman was the author of 
this bill, and what was his famous doctrine? 

541. By whom was the Kansas-Nebraska bill strongly 
opposed ? 

542. In what way was the conflict transferred from 
Congress to the soil of Kansas and Nebraska ? 

543. What was the wish and hope of the Democratic 
party at the South ? 

544. What part did Missouri take in this contest, and 
what was the contest called ? 

545. What was the nature and result of this struggle ? 

546. AVhat was the Gadsden Purchase ? 

547. AVhat foreign treaty of this time was of great 
importance ? 

548. What was the effect of the abolition of the com- 
promises of 1820, and 1850? 

549. What great party had arisen out of the smaller 
Free Soil party ? 

550. Wliat were the tAvo jiarties in the presidential 
campaign, 1856, and who were the candidates? 

551. Who was the fifteenth jiresident, for what period 
did he serve, and what was the most remarkable event of 
his administration ? 



Development of the states. 33 

552. What was the character of Buchanan^s admin- 
istration ? 

553. What three events deejoened the feeling upon 
the slavery question ? 

554. What point was decided by the Supreme Court 
of the United States,, in regard to the Dred Scott 
affair ? 

555. What was the effect of this decision upon the 
pro-skivery and also upon the anti-slavery party ? 

556. How was the Dred Scott Decision regarded at the 
north ? 

557. What is the chief offensive feature of the Fugi- 
tive Slave Law ? 

558. State the chief incidents of the John Brown In- 
surrection. 

559. What was the chief issue in the presidential 
election of 18G0 ? 

560. Into what two factions did the Democratic party 
divide, upon wliat question, and who were the presi- 
dential nominees of each ? 

561. Who was the nominee and what was the plat- 
form of the Republican party? 

562. What was the result of this great presidential 
contest ? 

563. AVhat remarkable event followed the presidential 
election of 18G0? 

564. When and where Avas the government of the 
Confederate States of America formed ? 

565. Who were chosen as the chief officers of the 
Confederacy ? 

566. Was the secession of the south a sudden and 
unpremeditated movement? 

567. Recapitulate the several attempts at compromise 
during the past forty years. 



34 Questions on History of the United States, 

568. What was the pivot on which the question of 
secession or no secession was made to turn. 

569. What attitude did the seceding states assume 
towards government property within their limits ? 

570. What was the attitude of the president, the cabi- 
net, and Gen. Scott? 

571. What startling event took place in Charleston 
Harbor ? 

572. What was the attitude of the national govern- 
ment and of the southern leaders toward the relief of 
Fort Sumter? 

573. How many states were added to the Union from 
1789 to 1861 ? 

574. AVIiat three states were admitted during Wash- 
ington's administration ? 

575. What two additional states were added before 
the close of the second war with Great Britain ? 

576. What circum.stance marked the admission of 
Indiana in 1816, Mississippi in 1817, Illinois in 1818, 
Alabama in 1819, Maine in 1820, Missouri in 1821? 

577. Name the next ten states admitted to the Union, 
and give the dates of their admission. 

578. Of how many states did the Union consist at the 
beginning of the Civil War ? 



THE FIFTH EPOCH. 



XIII. THE CIVIL WAR. 



579. What event and date marked the beginning of 
this epoch, and Avhat event and date mark the end? 

580. What was the condition of the country at th^ 
bcKiiiniuo: of Lincoln's administration ? 



-&■""""& 



The Civil War. 35 

c8i Why did the Federal authorities fear to act? 
582*. What was President Lincoln's decision m regard 

'^'stwS^^^^^^^^ taken by the Confederate gov- 

ernment at Montgomery ? -no mm^ 

^8A What significant event took place April 12, Ibbi . 
?8S What was the result of this engagement ^ 
^86 What was the effect of this event ?^ 
587. Name the additional states that jomed.the Con- 
federacy. „ 

c88. What border states did not secede i- 
15. What was the origin of the State of West Vu- 

^"590. What state became tlie chief battle-gi'ound of the 

^'coi What did tlie southern people call the northern 
soldiers, and what did they call themselves ? _ 

CQ2 What did the northern people call their antago- 
nists, imd what did they call themselves ? 

CO-? What action was taken by the president un- 
media'tely after the fall of Fort Snmter ? 

594. How was this proclamation responded to at the 

north? , , 1 , J o 

CO-; Where was the first blood shed .' _ 

cp6. What events took place in West Virginia 

597. When, where and with what result was the first 
great battle fought? . rt n t?„„ ? 

W8 What was the effect of the defeat at Bull Run ? 
599! How many men and how much money did Con- 

^''6oo!''wiio was appointed to the command of the Army 

of the Potomac ? „ 

601. What was the, result of the first year of tlie war ? 



36 Questions on History of the United States, 

602. "What was the relative size of tlie armies at tlie 
beginning of 1862 ? 

603. AVhat three main objects did the national army 
aim to accomplisli dnring the 3^ear 1862 ? 

604. What were the chief events of the war in the 
west dnring this year? 

605. What were the chief events during tlie year on 
the sea and the coast ? 

606. What was the net result of these operations along 
the coast ? 

607. AV^hat famous naval combat took phice, March 
8, 1862 ? 

608. What Avas remai-kable about this engagement ? 

609. What was the effect of the contest between the 
Merrimac and the Monitor ? 

610. What were tlie chief events of the war in the 
east in the year 1862? 

611. What was McClellan's plan for the capture of 
llichmond ? 

612. How was this prevented ? 

613. Name the subsequent events around Richmond. 

614. What was the effect of this campaign ? 

615. By whom was Gen. McClellan superseded ? 

616. What was Gen. Lee's plan, August, 1862 ? 

617. What was the result ? 

618. What Avas the effect of this brief campaign 
against Pope? 

619. When and by Avhom was the first invasion of 
Maryland ? 

620. TTow did this Maryland campaign end ? 

621. What was the result of the battle of Antietam ? 

622. AVhen was the Emancipation Proclamation is- 
sued ? 



The Civil IVar. 37 

623. When were negroes first enrolled in the nnion 
iirmy ? 

624. Under wliose commjind, and with what result 
was the battle of Fredericsbnrg fought ? 

625. What great event occurred July 4, 1863? 

626. What one great object of the war was then ac- 
complished ? 

627. Name the other important battles in the west 
during 1863. 

628. What was the effect of these battles ? 

629. What was the military miportance of Chatta- 
nooga ? 

630. What were the two important battles in the 
east during the year 1863 ? 

631. What battle marked the failure of Lee^s second 
invasion of Maryland ? 

632. What were the general results of the third year 
of the war ? 

633. Who was made commander of all the Union 
forces March, 1864 ? 

634. What was Grant's plan of campaign ? 

635. What was the character of Sherman's advance 
upon Atlanta? 

636. How was Atlanta captured ? 

637. What was the result of Sherman's fonr months' 
campaign against Atlanta? 

638. What were the advantages of the possession of 
Atlanta ? 

639. What singular spectacle presented itself in the 
spring of 1864 ? 

640. What names may be given to these two counter 
movements ? 

641. In what battle and by whom was Hood over- 
thrown ? 



38 Questions on History of the United States. 

642. What had happened for tlie first time in tliis 
battle ? 

643. AVhen did Sherman's " March to The Sea " be- 
gin, and how much time did it occupy? 

644. What was the effect of this march to the sea? 

645. What four battles marked Grant's campaign 
around Eichmond ? 

646. At wliat cost had the eastern campaign of 1864 
been carried on ? 

647. What was Grant's phin ? 

648. How long did the Siege of Eichmond continue ? 

649. What two important events mark this siege ? 

650. What effort did Lee make to draw off Grant 
from the siege of Eichmond ? 

651. What success attended this plan? 

652. What is significant about Early's campaign ? 

653. AVhat date marked Farragut's brilliant attack on 
Mobile ? 

654. What was the result of this engagement ? 

655. What heroic act took place during this engage- 
ment ? 

656. What was the date and the result of the expedi- 
tion against Fort Fisher ? 

657. To Avhat extent was the blockade in the fall of 
18G4 effectual ? 

658. What was the condition of American commerce 
at this time ? 

659. AVhere were these cruisers built, and by whom 
were they manned ? 

660. Give the earlier history of the famous Alabama. 

661. In what manner was the Alabama captured ? 

662. AVhat were the Sanitary and Christian Commis- 
sions ? 



The Era of National Expansion, 39 

663. What was the state of political affairs at the 
close of the year 18G4 ? 

664. Who were the nominees of the two parties in 
the presidential election of 1864 ? 

665. What was the result of this campaign? 

666. What had the federal armies accomplished at 
the end of 1864 ? 

667. What was the plan of the campaign of 1865 ? 

668. When did Sherman begin his march northward 
to Richmond ? 

669. Give the striking incidents of this march. 

670. What was now Lee^s only hope ? 

671. Give the date of the capture of Petersburg and 
Richmond. 

672. Give the place and date of Lee's surrender. 

673. What was the effect of Lee's surrender ? 

674. What may be said as to the cost of the war ? 

675. What was the debt of the Union, Jan. 1, 1866 ? 

676. Give the date of the assassination of President 
Lincoln. 

677. What two states were added to the Union dur- 
ing the Civil War ? 



THE SIXTH EPOCH. 



XIV. THE ERA OF NATIONAL EXPANSION. 

678. What event marks the beginning of this epoch ? 

679. Who became president at Lincoln's death ? 

680. When was the national army disbanded ? 

681. Mention the chief events of Johnson's adminis- 
tration ? 



40 Questions on History of the United States, 

682. AVhat striking evidence was there of the abun- 
dant resources of the Union ? 

683. Upon what question did Congress and the Presi- 
dent dilfer ? 

684. What Avas the position of Congress on tliis 
question ? 

685. Under what circumstances was Tennessee re-ad- 
mitted to the Union ? 

686. What was done in the case of the other states ? 

687. What were the provisions of the Fourteenth 
Amendment ? 

688. When were tlie remaining states restored to 
their former place in the Union ? 

689. What remarkable event — the only one of its kind 
in America — took place in 1868? 

690. What was the result of the impeachment trial ? 

691. What great event happened in July, 1867 ? 

692. Give the date of the purchase, and the cost of 
Alaska. 

693. What important treaty was made in the year 
1868? 

694. Who were the candidates in the presidential 
election of 1868 ? 

695. What was the result of the election ? 

696. AYhowas the eighteenth president; what was his 
term of service, and what the chief event of his admin- 
istration ? 

697. What remarkable event made the year 1869 
memorable ? 

698. In what way may American ingenuity be said to 
have solved tlie problem of Columbus ? 

699. AVhat were the provisions of the Fifteenth 
Amendment, and when did it become a part of the Con- 
stitution ? 



The Era of National Expansion. 41 

700. What evidences were there of prosperity in 1870 ? 

701. Wliat was the population of tlie United States 
according to the census of 1870? 

702. Give the date and extent of the great Chicago 
fire, 

703. Give the date and extent of tlie great Boston 
fire. 

704. What were the celebrated Alabama claims? 

705. In what way were these claims finally settled? 

706. What was the Credit Mobilier? 

707. In what year was the great railroad panic? 

708. What centennial anniversaries were celebrated 
in 1875 ? 

709. AVhat was the Joint Electoral Commission ? 

710. What was the question before this Commission ? 

711. What was the decision of the Commission ? 

712. Who was the nineteenth president; what was his 
term of office, and what were the two most important 
events of his administration ? 

713. What was the population of the United States 
according to the census of 1880 ? 

714. AVhat was the annual value of the exports of the 
United States during Hayes's administration ? 

715. Who were the twentieth and twenty-first presi- 
dents of the United States, and what their term of office ? 

716. What may be said of Garfield's fitness for the 
presidency ? 

717. What were the Star Route frauds? 

718. Give the dates of the assassination and of the 
death of President Garfield. 

719. What was the effect upon the country of Gar- 
field's assassination? 

720. How did the people show their respect for Gar- 
field and their sorrow at his death ? 



42 Qiiestions on History of the United States, 

721. Wlijit important bill was passed by Cons^ress in 
1884? 

722. Who became president upon the dcatli of (Jar- 
field ? 

723. What were the most important political ques- 
tions during the term of Garfield and Arthur ? 

724. Who were the candidates at the presidential elec- 
tion of 1884 ? 

725. What was the result of the election ? 

726. What states have been admitted during this 
epoch ? 

727. Who was the twenty-second president of the 
United States, and what was his term of service? 

728. Who was elected twenty-third president of the 
United States ? 



UNITED STATES HISTORY. 



FIRST GRADE. 

XV. MISCELLANEOUS QUESTIONS. 

729. Who was the most important literary man in the 
Revolutionary period? 

730* ^^^lio has been called the greatest metaphysician 
of America? 

731. Who was the most famous editor of America ? 

732. Who were the Argonauts of '49 ? 

733. What presidents died in office ? 

734. AYhat presidents served two terms ? 

735. Which was the first state admitted to the 
Union ? 



Miscellaneous Questions, 43 

736. In wliat year were four states admitted to tlie 
Union ? 

737. What five states were formed from the North- 
west Territory ? 

738. What American statesman, was called the De- 
fender of the Constitution ? 

739. Of whom was it said that he was " Compromise 
Incarnate " ? 

740. What noted anti-slavery orator was called ''the 
silver-tongued orator of the North " ? 

741. Name the most prominent of the anti-slavery 
agitators. 

742. Who was the greatest literary genius tliat Amer- 
ica has produced ? 

743. Who was the first American author to gain a 
hearing in England ? 

744. What was Irving's most famous book ? 

745. Name the three greatest American historians. 

746. Name the two most famous editors of America. 

747. Who was the most famous educational reformer 
of America ? 

748. Name some of the great educational benefactors 
of America. 

749. What American orator was noted for his defence 
of protection ? 

750. What famous statesmen failed to gain the presi- 
dency, and whose fame could not have been increased 
thereby ? 

751. What three great questions have furnished occa- 
sion for the great orators of America ? 

752. Name the two greatest financiers in American 
history. 

753. Who were the three best loved presidents of the 
United States? 



44 Questions on History of the United States, 

754. Who first announced the Monroe Doctrine ? 

755. On what occasion was it viohited? 

756. What great steamer was used to lay the Atlantic 
Cable? 

757* When and where was the first newspaper pub- 
lished in the United States ? 

758. What are the three grades of United States 
Courts ? 

759. Which of these sits only at Washington ? 

760. What famous oration was delivered by Abraham 
Lincoln ? 

761. AYhat state is called the Mother of Presidents ? 

762. What was the most decisive battle in the Civil 
War ? 

763. What was the decisive battle in the second war 
with Great Britain ? 

764. What was the most decisive battle of tlie Revo- 
lution ? 

765. Against what foreign nations has the United 
States carried on wars? 

766. The admission of what state caused war with 
Mexico ? 

767. What two ex-presidents died on the same day? 

768. When was gold discovered in California ? 

769. What president of the United States was elected 
by the House of Representatives ? 

770. Who was the most famous naval hero of the 
Revolutionary times ? 

771. What were the three great objects to be accom- 
plished by the federal army during the Civil War? 

772. In what order were these accomplished ? 

773. Who became presidents by the death of their 
predecessors ? 



Miscellaneous Questions, 45 

774. What vice-presidents were afterward elected 
president ? 

775. In what years occurred the great invasions of 
the North by the Confederates ? 

776. By what great battles were these invasions 
checked ? 

777. Name the Chief Justices of the United States. 

778. Where did the United States first coin money ? 

779. Name a father and son who were presidents of 
the United States. 

780. Name a grandfather and grandson who were 
presidents. 

781. What is meant by the "Era of Good Feeling ''? 

782. Name the members of Washington's cabinet. 

783. What form of government had the United States 
during the Revolution ? 

784. What states were formed out of southwest terri- 
tory? 

785. What two presidents served two terms and re- 
fused a third ? 

786. In whose honor was John Paul Jones's ship 
named ? 

787. Where was the seat of government when Wash- 
ington was inaugurated ? 

788. What became of the two vessels, the Monitor 
and the Merrimac ? 

789. When was there a terrible riot in New York 
City? 

790. What was Black Friday ? 

791. What was the Ordinance of 1787? 

792. What were the provisions of this ordinance? 

793. What has Chauncey M. Depew said of this ordi- 
nance ? 



46 Questions on History of the United States. 

794. AVhat was the most important provision of this 
ordinance ? 

795. AVhen and where did the convention that drew 
np the Constitution meet ? 

796. How long did it sit ? 

797. Name the cliairman and two financiers who sat 
in the convention? 

798. AVhat two young men were destined to be made 
famous by this convention ? 

799. What did the Constitution take the place of ? 

800. By what provision was every voter to have a 
voice in the adoption of the Constitution ? 

801. Where was the Constitution discussed ? 

802. What was " The Federalist ? " 

803. Who were the authors of " The Federalist ? '' 

804. What two states were the most reluctant to adopt 
the Constitution ? 

805. Who was the first secretary of the treasury ? 

806. Which was the most popular state at the time of 
the adoption of the Constitution ? 

807. How many postoffices were there in 1790, and 
how many in 1880 ? 

808. What manufacturing event makes the year 1787 
memorable ? 

809. What event of great commercial importance be- 
longs to this time ? 

810. Who was the first secretary of state ? 

811. What was Thomas Jefferson's oj^inion of Wash- 
ington ? 

812. AVhat was Napoleon's estimnte of Washington ? 

813. What was the tribute of the historian, Prescott, 
to the character of Washington. 

814. What was the opinion of Lord Byron, as to 
Washington's character? 



Miscellaneous Questions, 47 

815. What did Lord Erskine say to Wasliington? 

816. What does Giiizot, the French historian, say of 
Washington ? 

817. Give the date of the birth and death of ^Alex- 
ander Hamilton? 

818. What does Guizot, the French historian, say of 
Hamilton ? 

819. What was Fisher Ames's opinion of Hamilton ? 

820. What has Hildreth, the historian, said of Hamil- 
ton. 

821. What may be said as to the claims of Hamilton 
to the gratitude of his countrymen ? 

822. What was Lord Brougham's opinion of Jeffer- 
son? 

823. What has Daniel Webster said of Jefferson and 
the Declaration of Independence ? 

824. Give date of the birth and death of Benjamin 
Franklin. 

825. What were Franklin's favorite books ? 

826. What has Lord Jeffrey said of Benjamin Frank- 
lin ? 

827. What has Lord Brougham declared of Franklin ? 

828. What has Mirabeau, the French orator, said of 
Franklin ? 

829. What has Lord Byron said of Patrick Henry ? 

830. What Avas Everett's opinion of Patrick Henry ? 

831. What battle put an end to the dream of French 
empire in America? 

832. Who said, '' I had rather be the author of Gray's 
Elegy, than take Quebec " ? 

833. AVhat two remarkable incidents accompanied 
the taking of Q,uebec ? 

834. AVhat English statesman determined to wrest 
America from the control of France? 



48 Questions on History of the United States, 

835. What was the anticipated income from the 
Stamp Act ? 

836. What caused the repeal of the Stamp Act in 
176G ? 

837. What was the cost of the "Boston Tea Party"? 

838. AVhat three great orators in English Parliament 
supported the petition of the first Continental Con- 
gress ? 

839. How old was Washington when he became com- 
mander-in-chief? 

840. By what battle was the possession of New York 
lost to the Americans ? 

841. By what battle did the Americans lose Phila- 
delphia ? 

842. What event led France to help the Americans ? 

843. How did the determination of France to help 
America effect the British ministry ? 

844. Whom did Lord North declare to be the only 
man, who could rightly guide the British Empire through 
this extremity ? 

845. What was seen to be the result of the French 
alliance with America? 

846. How did Spain take part in the Revolutionary 
War ? 

847. By what treaty was the iiulependence of America 
acknowledged ? 

848. What was the cost to England of the Eevolu- 
tioary War ? 

849. What historical event is connected with the 
name of Oliver II. Perry ? 

850. AVhat scientific event is the name of Samuel F. 
B. IMorse connected ? 

851. Who said " Millions for defence, but not one cent 
for tribute " ? And under what circumstances? 



_ Miscellaneous Questions. 49 

852. Why did France become unfriendly to the 
United States, so soon after tlie Kevolutionary War ? 

853. How was it that very soon she was again on 
friendly terms with the United States ? 

854. What battle was fought, after peace had been 
agreed upon ? 

855. What political party was from the beginning the 
States-Rights party ? 

856. Who first said, '^ First in war, first in peace, and 
first in the hearts of his countrymen " ? 

857. Of whom was it said *'He snatched the thunder- 
bolt from the skies, the sceptre from tryants " ? 

858. Whose maxim was, " With malice toward none, 
with charity for all "; and under what circumstances was 
it spoken? 

859. Who said, •"' Let us have peace "; and under what 
circumstances ? 

860. Who said, " Don't give up the ship '' ? 

861. Who said, " We have met the enemy and they 
are ours '' ? 

862. What ship was called Old Ironsides ? 

863. Who wrote the poem " Old Ironsides" ; and under 
what circumstances did he write it ? 

864. Who said, " Cotton is King'' ? 

865. AVho first acted on the principle, " To the vic- 
tors belong the spoils " ? 

866. Who said, "The government at Washington 
still lives"? 

867. Who said, " That government of the people, by 
the people, and for the people, shall not perish from the 
earth"; and under wliat circumstances? 

868. What has Emerson said of Lincoln's speech at 
the dedication of the national Qemetery at Gettysburg, 
inl8G3? 



50 Questions on History of the United States, 

869. What period of American history may be called 
The Growth of the States ? 

870. What period may be called The Period of Re- 
construction ? 

871. What were the objects for which the Constitu- 
tion of the United States was adopted ? 

872. How does the Constitution differ from the Arti- 
cles of Confederation? 

873. Into what three departments is tlie government 
of the United States divided ? 

874. What two bodies make up the legislative depart- 
ment of the government ? 

875. What are the Senate and the House of Kepre- 
sentatives together called ? 

876. Explain the relation between the state govern- 
ments and the national governments. 

877. In what respect does Albany differ from AYash- 
ington ? 

878. Of what is the Senate of the United States com- 
posed ? 

879. What are the conditions of membership in the 
Senate ? 

880. What is the senatorial term ? 

881. By whom are the senators chosen ? 

882. How many senators are chosen every second 
year ? 

883. Who may fill vacancies occurring in the senate ? 

884. Why does the Constitution say that each senator 
shall hjive one vote ? 

885. Who is the presiding officer of the Senate ? 

886. Under what circumstances has he a vote ? 

887. When does the -Senate have a president pro 
tempore ? 



Miscellaneous Qii est ions. 51 

888. "Why does the Constitution put the vice-presi- 
dent over the Senate ? 

889. How often and when has the vice-president been 
called to perform the duties of president ? 

890. Can any United States officer be a member of 
the Senate ? 

891. How are members of the house of representa- 
tive apportioned among the states ? 

892. What persons are eligible as representatives ? 

893. Wliat is the term of members of the house of 
representatives ? 

894. By Avhoni are representatives elected ? 

895. How often does the Constitution require the 
census to be taken ? 

896. What is the date of the first census ? 

897. What exclusive powers has the house of repre- 
sentatives ? 

898. When has the house of representatives the duty 
of electing the president of the United States ? 

899. How often has this happened in the history 
of the United States ? 

900. What exclusive powers in legislation has the 
Senate of the United States ? 

901. When does the Senate elect the vice-president? 

902. Who presides in the Senate on the occasion of 
the trial of the ^^resident of the United States ? 

903. AVhat oath does the Constitution require sena- 
ators and representatives to take ? 

904. What are the chief powers granted to Congress 
by the Constitution? 

905. What powers were granted to Congress as to the 
regulation of commerce ? 

906. What is the provision as to coining money ? 



52 Questions on History of the United States. 

907. Which "has the right to establish post-offices and 
post-roads, the state or the national government ? 

908. What does the Constitution provide as to authors 
and inventors ? 

909. Has any state the right to declare war ? 

910. What general power does the Constitution give 
Congress ? 

911. At what date were the Norsemen first in Iceland, 
and at what supposed date in America? 

912. When was the Mariner^s Compass first apj^lied 
to navigation? 

913. About Avhat time was printing invented ? 

914. When were tlie Canary, the Madeira, and the 
Cape Verd Islands discovered ? 

915. What were the two great commercial events of 
the year 1497 ? 

916. Y/hen was the name ^^ America" first printed ? 

917. Give the respective date of the first two circum- 
navigations of the globe. 

918. What led to the first Huguenot immigration to 
America? 

919. When did the conquest of Mexico by Cortez take 
place ? 

920. Which are the two oldest towns in the United 
States, and wliere were they formed ? 

921. Over what period did the French power in 
America extend ? 

922. When was Boston founded ? New York ? IMiila- 
delphia ? Baltimore ? 

923. Wluit Jii-e the most important historical events 
that took place in New York State ? 

924. AVhat are tlie most important historical events 
that took place in the State of New Jersey ? 



Miscellaneous Questions, $^ 

925. Wliat are the most imporiant historical events 
that took place in the State of Pennsylvania? 

926. What important historical events took place in 
Maryland ? 

927. What important liistorical events happened in 
the District of Colnmbia ? 

928. What important historical events happened in 
Virginia ? 

929. Wliat two rivers were explored by Henry Hud- 
son 1609, and what names did he give them ? 

930. In what state occurred two great events which 
put an end to two great wars ? 

931. When and wliere was the great Centennial Ex- 
position held, and what event did it celebrate ? 

932. What presidential election required an extra- 
ordinary settlement ? 

933. When was the Sioux War, and what was the 
chief event? 

934. What two noted military commanders died dur- 
ing the first year of President Cleveland's Administra- 
tion ? 

935. What military action began the Civil War? 

936. What noted American writer died during Bu- 
chanan's administration ? 

937. What noted Arctic explorer made an expedition 
in 1853 ? 

938. In what epoch of the United States history did 
the founding of Pennsylvania occur? 

939. In what epoch did the discovery of gold in Cali- 
fornia occur ? 

940. In what epoch did the impeachment of Presi- 
dent Andrew Johnson occur ? 

941. In what epoch did the capture of Quebec occur? 



54 Qiiestions on History of the United States. 

942. What city has been called the Gibraltar of 
America ? 

943. On what island is it ? 

944. During what war was Louisburg captured by the 
British and Colonial troops? 

945. What two nations claimed tbe i egion west of the 
Allegiiany Mountains, and when was this claim in dis- 
pute ? 

946. After whom was Pittsburg named ? 

947. What was the ancient name of Pittsburg ? 

948. What was the cost to the colonists of the French 
and Indian War ? 

949. What revohitionary generals were trained in the 
Prench and Indian War ? 

950. When and wliere was the first printing press set 
up in America ? 

951. After whom was the State of New York named? 

952. After whom were the Carolinas named ? 

953. Why was New Jersey so named ? 

954. After whom was Delaware named ? 

955. After whom was Louisiana named ? 

956. After whom was Virginia named ? 

957. After whom was Maryland named ? 

958. After whom was Georgia named ? 

959. What is the meaning of Pennsylvania? 

960. What is the meaning of Connecticut? 

961. What is the meaning of Massachusetts? 

962. What is the meaning of Vermont? 

963. What is the meaning of Kentucky? 

964. What is the meaning of Obio? 

965. AVhat is the meaning of Mississippi?] 

966. What is the meaning of Florida? 

967. What does San Salvador mean ? 



Miscellaneous Questions. 55 

968. What does Vera Cruz mean ? 

969. Who was called the Great Pacificator ? 

970. Who was called the Sage of Moiiticello ? 

971. AVhat other name has the College of New Jersey? 

972. Where is Harvard College, and by whom was it 
founded ? 

973. What four colleges in New England were 
founded before the Eevolutionary War ? 

974. What three in the Middle States ? 

975. What two in Virginia ? 

976. In what city is the University of Michigan ? 

977. What great University is in the central part of 
the State of New York ? 

978. AVhat great University is in Baltimore ? 

979. What great University in New Orleans ? 

980. Name some of the greatest educators of Ameri- 
can history. 

981. What city of the Union is noted for its muni- 
ficent provision for public schools ? 

982. What two cities of America best deserve to be 
called literary centres ? 

983. Name six of the most famous New England 
authors. 

984. Which are the most noted literary names of 
New York ? 

985. Who wrote ''The Bells ''? "Bitter Sweet''? 
'' Elsie Venner '' ? " Snow Bound " ? 

986. What two great objects of interest are in New 
York Harbor ? 

987. What great French author has written on ''De- 
mocracy in America '' ? 

988. Who wrote "The American Commonwealth"? 

989. Who wrote "Commemoration Ode," and in 
whose honor was it written ? 



56 Questions on History of the United States. 

990. Give the most noted literary names of the pre- 
revolutionary period. 

991. For what is James Fenimore Cooper noted ? 

992. What is the greatest literary name in the nar 
tional period of American history ? 

993. Who is the greatest master of American fiction, 
and -what is liis greatest work ? 

994. What two American historians have chosen for- 
eign subjects for their literary works ? 

995. Who have written histories of the great Civil 
War? 

996. What vice-president wrote '' The Eise and Fall 
of Slave Power in America " ? 

997. Name the great magazines and reviews of the 
United States. 

998. Who was the greatest American writer of travels ? 

999. Who wrote " The History of the Constitution of 
the United States " ? 

1000. What historian has written the most complete 
"History of the United States"? 



HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 



THIRD GRADE, 



INTRODUCTORY ANSWERS. 

1. The discovery and settlement of North America, the estab- 
lishment of the Union, and the development of the Union. 

2. The discovery of America (1492) in the first period; the 
adoption of the Constitution (1789) in the second period; the 
surrender of Lee at Appomatox (1865) in the third period. 

3. Icelandic traditions assert the discovery in the year 1000. 
This perhaps, will never be established nor disproved. Colum- 
bus's originality of idea and heroic purpose of act are not affected 
by this story of the Northmen. 

4. American history is but an expansion of European history. 
" Westward the course of empire takes its way." 

5. There was a prehistoric America. The Mound Builders 
possessed the country before the Indians and left many mem- 
orials. 

6. Throughout the whole Mississippi Valley defensive earth- 
works may be found, and like ruins are found in other parts of 
the Union. 

7. Mounds are numerous; one near St. Louis extends over 
eight acres and ninety feet in height. In Ohio alone there are 
said to be over ten thousand of these mounds. 

8. In Mexico and Peru. 

9. The Indians have no traditions as to the origin of these 
earthworks and mounds. 

10. (1) The epoch of Discoveries and Settlements; (2) the Devel- 

57 



58 Answers on History of the United States. 

opment of the Colonies; (3) the Revolutionary War; (4) the 
Development of the States; (5) the Civil War; (6) the Great 
National Expansion. 

11. The Lauding of the Pilgrims belongs to the first epoch; 
the Admission of Tennessee to the fourth; the discoveries of 
Captain John Smith to the second; the battle of Bunker llill to 
the third; the battle of Gettysburg to the tifth. 

12. Spain has the honor of the first discovery. 

13. The Northmen were sailors of Norway and Sweden. The 
Vikings were sea robbers of Norway and Sweden. 

14. The " Sagas" of Iceland contain accounts of the voyages 
of the Viking to Vinland. 

15. Perhaps the Vikings, about 1000 A.D. passed from Nor- 
way to Iceland, thence to Greenland, then farther to what is now 
New England, giving to this country the name of Vinland. 

16. The invention of printing and the revival of learning. 

17. For their maritime spirit and daring. 

18. The Mediterranean Sea. 

19. Through the Mediterranean Sea and thence overland. 

20. In 1498, by Vasco de Gama. 

21. In the fifteenth century. 

22. Columbus was born 1435 in Genoa, Italy; was at school 
until fourteen years of age, when he was trained to the sea. For 
fifteen years he followed the sea and had many adventures, jour- 
neying as far north as Iceland and as far southward along the 
African coast as it was usual to go. 

23. The learned thought the world a globe. Columbus thought 
it not perfectly round but pear-shaped. 

24. By sailing west. He supposed the distance to be about as 
great as between Europe and America. 

25. The only way to prove his theory was to sail westward, 

26. The magistrates of Genoa. 

27. The King of Portugal was next applied to; moved by the 
earnestness of Columbus, he called a council of learned men who 
publicly ridiculed Columbus, but privately advised the king 
himself to send out an expedition and get the glory. This turned 
out a failure. 

28. His next application was to the court of Spain — to Ferdi- 
nand and Isabella. 

29. Spain was then at war and could not spare the money. 

30. Isabjella, Queen of Spain, was at last persuaded to help 
Columbus, 



The Epochs of History. 59 



II. THE EPOCHS OF HISTORY. 

31. II extends from 1492 to 1783. 

32. From 1733 to 1789. 

33. From 1789 to the present time. 

34. From 1492 to 1607. 

35. From 1607 to 1775. 

36. The foimdiug of Jamestown in 1607. 

37. The breaking out of tlie Revolutionary War in 1775. 

38. From 1775 to 1787. 

39. The battle of Lexington, April 19th, 1775. 

40. The adoption of the Constitution, 1787. 

41. From 1787 to 1861. 

42. The adoption of the Constitution, 

43. The breaking out of the Civil War. 

44. From March 1st, 1861, to April 9, 1865. 

45. The inauguration of Abraham Lincoln. 

46. The surrender of Lee's army at Appomattox Court House, 
Virginia. 

47. From 1865 to the present time. 

48. The disbanding of the National Army. 

49. The discovery and settlement of North America. 

50. The discovery of America by Columbus, Oct. 12, 1492. 

51. The State of Georgia. 

52. The establishment of the Union. 

53. The French and Indian War, 1755 to 1763. 

54. The Treaty of Ghent, Belgium, Dec. 24, 1814. 

55. The development of the Union. 

56. James Madison, second term, 1812 to 1816. 

57. There are now 43 states in the Union. 

58. The discovery of America by Columbus. 

59. The surrender of Burgoyne's Army at Saratoga, 1777. 

60. The Emancipation Proclamation, 1863. 



6o Answers on History of the United States, 



THE FIRST EPOCH. 



III. THE EARLIEST DISCOVERIES. 

6i. Because of its more recent discovery, 

62. This is perhaps a matter of doubt. 

63. The account given in the Sagas of the voyage to Vinland. 

64. Many historians reject them while others think them true. 

65. The old tower at Newport, R. I. is supposed to be the 
work of the Northmen, 

66. The true history of this country begins with its discovery 
by Columbus. The discoveries of the Northmen, even if ad- 
mitted, were barren of results. No permanent settlements were 
made, the route was lost, and the very existence of the country 
was forgotten. 

67. August 11, 1492, with three vessels from Palos, Spain. 

68. She is said to have exclaimed: "I pledge my jewels to 
raise the money." 

69. The treasury of the court of Spain advanced most of the 
money, and the friends of Columbus the remainder. 

70. The Pinta, Santa Maria, and the Ninah. 

71. The despair and superstition of the sailors, the compass 
pointing no longer directly north. 

72. The trade wind wafted them steadily westward and they 
feared that the}-- should never return against it. 

73. Flocks of birds, fresh green plants, and cloud like appear- 
ances of land. 

74. Columbus showed wonderful tact, patience and courage; 
in spite of murmurings and mutinies he persevered to the end. 

75. Friday, Octobei* 12, 1492. 

76. St. Salvador. 

77. The East Indies. 

78. On his return he had the most flattering reception ; the 
king and queen were delighted. 

79. He afterward made three voyages. 

80. In 1498 he discovered the main land near the mouth of 
the Orinoco Iliver. 

81. He never lost the delusion that it was the eastern coast of 
Asia he had explored, and died ignorant of his grand discovery. 



The Earliest Discoveries. 6i 

82. Araericiis Vespiiciiis was a friend of Columbus, and after- 
ward went to the new world. A German historian in giving an 
account of the voyage of Americus suggested that the country 
should be called America. His book was popular and the name 
soon became general. 

83. A north-west passage to India. 

84. The coast of Labrador. 

85. This was fourteen mouths before Columbus discovered the 
continent. 

86. The territory of the "Great Cham," King of Tartary. 

87. Newfoundland; he sailed along the coast as far south as 
the Chesapeake Bay in 1499. 

88. He rounded the Cape of Good Hope in 1497. 

89. It opened up a sailing route to India. 

90. By Magellan, a Portuguese captain, in the service of Spain, 
1520-22. 

91. He explored the eastern coast of South America as Vasco 
de Gama had done that of Africa; he passed through the strait 
now called by his name and reached a great ocean which he 
called the Pacitic; proceeding westward, he reached the East In- 
dies. They had never before been reached by sailing westward. 
Magellan was killed; but his companions kept on around the Cape 
of Good Hope to Spain, thus sailing around the world. 

92. That the earth was round and that its true size could now 
be really found out. 

93. One of the governors of Porto Rico. He sailed to the 
main-land and discovered Florida. 

94. Balboa first discovered the Pacific ocean in 1513. Magel- 
lan so named it because it was calmer than the boisterous Atlan- 
tic. 

95. The Spaniards, French, English, and Dutch. 

96. The Spaniards explored the southern part of North Amer- 
ica; the French the northern jniri; the English the middle por- 
tion along the Atlantic coast; the Dutch the region about the 
Hudson Kiver and the Hudson Bay. 

97. To find gold, to Christianize the Indians, and to discover 
new countries. 

98. They were gentle and inoffensive. 

99. Because the country wns thought to be India, and perhaps 
because of their resemblance to the inhabitants of India. 

100. The Algouquins, Ilurous, Iroquois, Cherokees, Creeks, and 
GUoctaws, 



62 Answers on History of the United States, 



IV. SPANISH EXPLORATIONS. 

101. la 1518 by Cortez. 

102. Vera Cruz. 

103. Montezuma. 

104. He destroyed his fleet, formed his soldiers and sailors into 
an army of conquest, made friends of the natives when it was 
possible, secured allies, became the guest of Montezuma whom 
he tiually seized and made prisoner. Afterward he besieged 
Mexico for 75 days; it became a Spanish city, Aug. 13, 1521. 

105. The Mexicans were superior to Ibe Indians of the West 
India Islands; they had armor for defence, and weapons for at- 
tack; temples furnished with priests and sacrifices. They were 
intelligent, brave, and spirited, and dwelt in towns and cities.. 

106. In 1521. 

107. Three hundred years. 

108. He subdued Guatemala, Nicaragua, and Honduras. 

109. They rapidly died out under the cruelties of the Spaniards, 
and were replaced by the negroes brought from the coast of 
Africa. 

110. Peru was conquered by Pizarro from 1530 to 1548. 

111. Narvaezset out from Tampa Bay, Florida, toward what 
is now Georgia, in search of gold. Exhausted by constant jour- 
neys and struggles with the Indians, they at last reached the Gulf 
of Mexico, built boats and returned, bringing back but four out 
of the three hundred who started with him. 

112. De Soto was a companion of Pizarro who desired to con- 
quer Florida as Peru had been conquered. 

113. With 1000 followers in 1539 he followed the track of 
Narvaez. His course tirst lay along the Gulf of Mexico; he then 
turned northward, and not far from where Memphis now is he 
saw, in 1541, the great Mississippi River. While searching vainly 
for the ocean, De Soto died. His companions buried him in the 
middle of the great river he had discovered. After untold suf- 
ferings they reached the gulf, and finally the survivors were 
picked up and taken back to Cuba. 

114. From a character called California, Queen of the Ama- 
zons, in a Spanish romance, in the time of Cortez. 

115. The Spanish possessions at the close of the 16th century in- 
cluded the West Indies, Yucatan, Mexico, and Florida. 

116. They claimed a large portion of our present Southerii 
Slates and of the Pacific coast. 



The French Explorations, ^3 

117. A writer of that time locates Quebec in Florida, and a 
map of Henry II. gives that name to all of North America. 



V. THE FRENCH EXPLORATIONS. 

118. In 1524 by Yerrazani. 

119. He lauded near the present harbor of Wilmington. 

120. He explored the shores of Carolina and New Jersey, aud 
entered the harbors of New Jersey and Newport. 

121. His discoveries had been antedated 30 years by those of 
Cabot. 

122. He called the country New France, but this term was 
afterward confined to Canada. 

123. In 1534-35 by Cartier. 

124. In 1562 Ribaut led an expedition to Port Royal, South 
Carolina. 

125. A little band of 88 men formed the colony of Port Ro3^al. 
They were the only white men between the North Pole and Mex- 
ico. Wearied of solitude, they put to sea. Storm and famine 
drove them to cannibalism. An English vessel took them cap- 
tive to England. The colony perished, but the name survived. 

126. In 1607 Champlain ascended the St. Lawrence. 

127. In 1608 Champlain established a trading-post at Quebec. 
This was the first permanent French settlement in Canada. 

128. In 1609, Champlain joining a war party of the Huron s 
against the Iroquois, and discovered the beautiful lake which bears 
his name. 

129. Champlain established firmly the authority of France on 
the St. Lawrence. ' He has been called the father of New France. 

130. In 1668 the Jesuit missionaries, having crept along the 
northern shore of Lake Ontario, founded the Mission of St. Mary, 
the oldest European settlement in Michigan. Thence they ex- 
plored the Mississippi Valley hoping to convert the natives to the 
Christian faith. 

131. Father Marquette floated down the Wisconsin to the Mis- 
sissippi; Lasalle in 1682 made his way to the Gulf of Mexico. 

132. La Salle named the country Louisiana in honor of Louis 
XIV. of France. 

133. The French had explored the great lakes and the Missis- 
sippi River, Louisiana, Arkansas, Mississippi, Iowa, Minnesota, 
Nebraska, Kansas, the Canadas, aud Acadit^. 



64 Answers on History of the United States. 



VI. THE ENGLISH EXPLORATIONS. 

134. Frobisher attempted to find a north- west passage entering, 
in 157G, Baffin's Bay. 

135. Drake was a famous sailor who in 1579 circumnavigateil 
the globe. 

136. Sir Humphrey Gilbert attempted to colonize the New 
World, but himself and his crew were lost in a fearful storm. 

137. Raleigh in 1583 attempted to plant a colony on Roanoke 
Island. The attempt failed. 

138. In 1587 Raleigh's second colony was planted in North 
Carolina, 

189. The governor of the colony, John White, returned home 
for supplies. In the meantime his family and the colony he had 
founded had jDerished — no man knows how. 

140. South Virginia, between the 34 and 38 degrees of latitude. 

141. The founding of Jamestown, the first permanent English 
settlement in the United States. 

142. North Virginia, from the 41st to the 45th degrees of lati- 
tude. 

143. It gave them no right of self-government. They could 
elect no oihcer. The king appointed a council to reside in Lon- 
don, also a council to reside in each colony. 

144. For five years the proceeds of industry and commerce 
were to be applied solely to a common fund. 

145. In 1609. 

146. Hudson was an English navigator in the Dutch service. 
He entered New York harbor in hope of reaching the Pacific 
ocean. 

147. The Dutch claimed the region extending from the Dela- 
ware river to Cape Cod. 

148. New Netherlands. 

149. In 1613. 

i 

VII. SUMMARY OF EXPLORATIONS. 

150. The Spanish exi)lonitions were confined to the West In- 
dies and the adjacent main-land. 

151. In Florida and New JMexicp. 

152. The French claimed all of New France, and made their 
first settlements in Acadia and Canada, 



Development of the English Colonies. 65 

153. The Englisli explored the Atlantic coast and claimed the 
vast territory which they called Virginia. They made their first 
settlement at Jamestown. 

154. The Dutch claimed New Netherland and founded New 
Amsterdam, 

155. The English claimed the Atlantic coast and westward to 
the Pacific ocean; the French, the St: Lawrence valley and south- 
ward to the Gulf of Mexico. The Spaniards claimed the coun- 
try northward to the Arctic ocean. 

156. The 15th and 16th centuries. 

157. The 16th century. 

158. The French at Port Royal, S. C, 1605; the English at 
Jamestown 1607; the French at Quebec 1608; the Dutch at New 
York 1613; the English at Plymouth 1620. 



VIII. THE DEVELOPMENT OF THE ENGLISH 
COLONIES. 

159. Virginia, Massachusetts, Delaware, Maryland, New Jer- 
sey, Connecticut, Pennsylvania, South Carolina, North Carolina, 
New York, Rhode Island, New Hampshire, aud Georgia. 

160. The colonies had little in common; each struggled alone 
to maintain itself against the wilderness and its inhabitants. 

161. Massachusetts, Connecticut, Rhode Island, and New 
Hampshire. 

162. Maine was originally a part of Massachusetts, and Ver- 
mont a part of New York. 

163. Virginia was the first, and Georgia the last. 

164. Most were gentlemen who hoj^ed to make a fortune at 
once, and were unfit for the laborious work of founding a colony. 

165. Disease, pestilence, and the unfriendliness of the Indians. 

166. Captain John Smith was the real hero of the colony. 

167. Pocohontas was an Indian maid, the daughter of Pow- 
hatan, who had treated the English kindly. She saved the life 
of Smith, married John Rolfe, an Englishman; visited England, 
was greatly admired, but died before she could return to Vir- 
ginia. 

168. They thought Virginia was near India, that Powhatan 
was a great king, and sent a crown to be placed upon his head. 

169. That they should search for gold aud for the South Sea, 
as the Pacific ocean was called. 



66 Answers on History of the United States. 

170. In 1610. 

171. Lord Delaware was the first of many governors of Vir- 
ginia who ruled the colony as though they possessed absolute 
power. 

172. In 1619. 

173. It was the heginuing in America of government by repre- 
sentation of the people. 

174. In 1619 a Dutch ship with 20 negroes came into the 
James Iliver and ollered them for sale to the planters, thus begin- 
ning African slavery in America. 

175. Captain John Smith. 

176. In 1620 at Plymouth in Massachusetts. 

177. Nothing. New England v/as founded with the consent of 
neither council nor king. 

178. They had drawn up a compact in the cabin of the May- 
llower, in which they agreed to enact just laws which all should 
obey, 

179. Their character was well suited for the arduous work of 
subduing the wilderness. They came in the search of a home 
where they could worship God as they thought right. 

180. During the winter they suffered much; at one time there 
were only seven persons well enough to care for the sick. One 
half of the little company perished. 

181. The Indians did not molest them. 

182. Samoset, an Indian, came to them in the spring, saying, 
"Welcome, Englishmen." Massasoit was a friendly Indian 
chief; Canonicus was chief of the Narragansetts. 

183. Governor Bradford. 

184. In 1692. 
185 In 1630. 

186. John Endicott. 

187. Roger "Williams was an eloquent minister, who taught 
that each person should think for himself in religious matters, 
and that the magistrates had no right to jDuuish blasphemy, per- 
jury, or Sabbath breaking. > 

188. Roger Williams liaviug been ordered back to England, 
fled to the forest. Canonicus gave him land for a settlement, and 
thus Providence, R. L, was founded. 

189. In 1643; Massachusetts Bay, Plymouth, New Haven and 
Connecticut. 

190. The object Avas the common defence against the Indians 
and against the Dutch and French settlers. 



The English Colonies. 67 

191. King Philip was the son of Massasoit. lie became jealous 
of the power of the whites and determined on resistance. 

192. On July 14, 1675, the Indians attacked the people of 
Swansea as they were going home from church. 

193. The Indians were finally subdued, and Philip found it 
impossible to escape the vengeance of the whites. At the end he 
was shot by a faithless Indian. 

194. In 1686 James II. declared the charters of all the New 
England colonies forfeited. 

195. Sir Edmund Andros. 

196. Andros oppressed the colonies for three years. When 
they heard that his master, James 11., had been dethroned in 
1688, they rose against him and imprisoned him, and resumed 
their former government. 

197. Sir William Phipps ruled over Massachusetts, Maine and 
Nova Scotia. 

198. From this time till the revolution, Massachusetts remained 
a royal province. 

199. The views of the Quakers in Massachusetts Bay Colony, 
gave offence. They were imprisoned, fined, and sent out of the 
country, but soon the perse(iiition ceased. 

200. In 1692 a strange superstition known as witchcraft broke 
out in Salem. Certain children were supposed to be under Sa- 
tanic influence, and an Indian servant being flogged said she had 
bewitched them ; soon many were affected and the superstition 
became general. Many were tried for being implicated in the 
witchcraft, even persons of the highest respectability. At last, 
after more than fifty persons had been tortured and twenty exe- 
cuted, the people awoke from their folly. 

201. Maine and New Hampshire. 

202. Gorges and Mason. 

203. Gorges and Mason patent was dissolved. Mason took 
.nc country west of the Piscataqua ; Gorges took that lying east, 
and named it Maine. 

204. Massachusetts bought out the heirs of Gorges for $6,000. 

205. Not until 1820. 

206. They placed themselves under the protection of Massa- 
chusetts. 

207. Settled 1623. Made a royal province 1741, remained so 
till 1776. 

208. The English and the Dutch both claimed it. 



68 Answers on History of the United States, 

209. The Dutch, before the Euglish could take possession 
built a fort at Hartford. 

210. In 1631 traders from Plymouth pushed up the Connecti- 
cut River, passed the Dutch fort at Hartford and settled at 
Windsor. In 1635 a company from the Massachusetts Bay Colony 
laid the foundation of Hartford. 

211. The colonists in the Connecticut Valley were no sooner 
established in their new homes, than the Pequod Indians com- 
menced war upon them. 

212. The Pequods desired help of the Narragansetts ; Roger 
Williams met the Pequod messenger in the home of the Narra- 
gansetts and prevailed upon the latter to remain at home. 

213. In 1637 the Connecticut colonists exterminated the Pe- 
quods. The tribe perished in a day. 

214. (1) The New Haven Colony ; (2) The Connecticut Colony ; 
(3) The Saybrook Colony. 

215. They took the Bible for law, and only church members 
could vote. 

216. The people adopted a written constitution giving all free- 
men a right to vote. 

217. The Saybrook Colony was sold by the proprietors to the 
Connecticut Colony. • 

218. In 1663 the Connecticut colonies obtained a royal charter 
which gave to them all the rights which they had previously 
claimed. 

219. The Saybrook Colony was sold by its proprietors to the 
Connecticut Colony. The royal charter of 1662 united the New 
Haven and the Connecticut colonies in one form of government. 

220. The Charter Oak was a famous oak tree at Hartford, in 
which the charter was concealed from Governor Andros. 

221. Governor Andros in 1686 marched over from Boston and 
demanded the charter. 

222. Roger Williams settled Providence Plantation in 1636. 

223. Religious toleration, i.e., that the civil power had no 
right to interfere with the religious opinions of men. 

224. Roger Williams obtained the charter uniting the Provi- 
dence and Rhode Island plantations. Under the auspices of this 
the people met, elected their officers, and made laws guaranteeing 
civil and religious freedom to all. 

225. In 1613. 

226. Under the patronage of the West India Company, who 
obtained a grant of New Netherlaud. 



The American Colonies, 69 

227. New Amsterdam and Fort Orange (Albany). 

228. Some huts were built on Manhattan Island in 1613; a fort 
was built on the site of Albany in 1615. 

229. In 1626 for |l24; nearly one mill per acre. 

230. Minuit was the first and Peter Stuyvesant, the last and 
ablest of the Dutch governors. 

231. In 1664 an English lleet demanded the surrender of New 
Amsterdam in the name of the Duke of York. 

232. New York. 

233. Sir Edmund Andros was one of the English governors. 
lie ruled very arbitrarily, and was called home. A constant 
struggle of the people with the encroachments of the royal gover- 
nors continued until the time of the Revolution. 

234. New Jersey was included within the territory of New 
Netherland. 

235. In 1664 at Elizabethtown. 

236. Lord Berkeley and Sir George Carteret obtained from the 
Duke of York the laud between the Hudson and the Delaware. 

237. Lord Berkeley's share was sold to the Quakers, and 
called West Jersey, Carteret's portion was called East Jersey, 
and was eventually sold to William Peun and others. 

238. In 1702 New Jersey was united under one governor with 
New York, with a separate assembly. In 1738 the people applied 
for and secured its being set apart as a distinct royal province. 

239. In 1638 by the Swedes. 

240. The Swedes. 

241. William Penn was an English Quaker and is famous as 
the founder of Pennsylvania. 

242. In 1683 by William Penn. 

243. Brotherly Love. 

244. In three years it grew more than New York had in half a 
century. 

245. He met them under a large elm tree near Philadelphia ; 
the Indians were touched by his kindly and gentle bearing, and 
promised to live in love with him and his children. 

246. In 1634 by Roman Catholics near the mouth of the Poto- 
mac. 

247. It gave to all freemen a voice in making the laws. 

248. In 1663 and in 1670, the first two colonies were established. 

249. The settlement in 1663 was the Albemarle Colony ; the 
settlement of 1670, further south was the Carteret Colony. Their 



70 Answers on History of the United States. 

distance from each other ultimately gave rise to their being sep- 
arate colonies. 

250. In 1733 by Oglethorpe and a company of Englirhmen. 



IX. THE INTERCOLONIAL WARS. 

251. King William's war, 1689-1097; Queen Anne's war 
1702-1713 ; King George's war, 1744-1748 ; French and Indian 
war, 1754-1763. 

252. The breaking out in Europe of war between England and 
France. 

253. The Indians in general sided with the French and at- 
tacked the colonists. 

254. The French and Indian War was the most important. 

255. The French and Indian War was to determine the great 
question whether England or France was to control North 
America. 

256. The English held the narrow strip of land along the At- 
lantic coast ; the French held from Quebec to the Gulf of Mexico. 

257. West of the Alleghany mountains, along the Ohio River. 

258. George Washington a young man of 21, was sent by Gov. 
Dinwiddle of Virginia, to the French commander of the forts in 
western Pennsylvania to ask their removal. 

259. Braddock was a British general who did not understand 
the methods of savage warfare ; qaving refused the advice of 
Washington he was terribly defeated and himself killed near Fort 
Duquesne in 1755, 

260. In 1759. 

261. The result was that the English flag waved oyer the en- 
tire continent from the Arctic ocean to the Mississippi. 

262. France ceded to England all her territory east of the 
Mississippi except two small islands near Newfoundland. 

263. Spain ceded Florida to England. 

264. Spain obtained New Orleans and all the territory west of 
the Mississippi. 

265. The colonists spent sixteen millions of dollars of which 
England repaid but live millions. The Americans lost 30,000 
men and endured untold sufferings from the Indians. 

266. Washington, Montgomery, Putnam and other American 
generals were trained in the manners and customs of war. 

267. The thirteen colonies numbered two millions of people, 



The American Colonies. 7 1 

tlie two largest cities were Boston and Philadelphia, each con- 
taining .ibout 18,000 inhabitants. 

268. Charter, Proprietary and Royal. 

269. Massachusetts, Rhode Island and Connecticut. 

270. Maryland and Pennyslvania were governed by proprie- 
tors. 

271. Kew York, New Jersey and the Carolinas. 

272. They were all Protestant in feeling and had lost the intol- 
erant religious spirit of their early days, 

273. The Connecticut Colony. 

274. Rhode Island. 

275. The grand model was a form of government for the Car- 
olina colonies prepared by Lord Shaftesbury and the celebrated 
philosopher John Locke. 

276. Harvard, William and Mary, Yale, Princeton, Columbia 
(originally called King's), Brown, Rutgers (then Queen's), Dart- 
mouth and Hampden Sidney, 

277. Agriculture. 

278. Hats, paper, shoes and cutlery. 

279. In 1639 at Cambridge. 

280. The Boston News Letter in 1704. 

281. On foot, horseback or by coasting sloops. 

282. Conveyances making the trip in two days. 

283. Between Providence and Boston. 

284. Benjamin Franklin. 

285. "I thank God there are no free schools, nor printing 
presses here in Virginia, and I hope we shall not have them these 
300 years. 

286. They all had something of self-government ; all at last 
became subject to Great Britain and all gradually grew discon- 
tented. 

287. The colonies of Massachusetts Bay and New York drove 
out the royal governors ; all the colonies sympathized with the 
progress of liberty in the old world. 



X. BEGINNING OF THE REVOLUTION. 

288. They were loyal and ready to show that loyalty ; they 
would have had no objection to remaining dependent upon the 
mother country. 



72 Answers on History of the United States. 

289. If Great Britain had not taxed tliem or bad allowed 
them representatives in parliament. 

290. As perfectly reasonable. 

291. King George III. and his counsellors would not agree to 
these measures. 

292. The debt of the mother country was great, and part of this 
debt had been incurred in defence of the colonies. It seemed 
reasonable that the colonists should help to pay it. 

293. Into remote causes and direct causes. 

294. England treated the settlers as inferiors ; she intended to 
make and keep them dependent. Her laws favored the English 
manufacturer and merchai t at the expense of the colonists ; Am- 
erican manufactures were prohibited. 

295. Wm. Pitt the friend of America declared that "she had 
no right to manufacture even a nail for a horse-shoe." 

296. The attempt to tax the colonies in order to defray the ex- 
penses of the French and Indian war, 

297. Taxation without representation is tyranny. 

298. She began to enforce the odious navigation acts. 

299. Warrants authorizing English officers to search for smug- 
gled goods. 

300. "Every man's house in his castle." 

301. Stamps purchased of the British government were required 
on all legal documents, newspapers and pamphlets. 

302. Nothing. The English at home would not have com- 
plained of it. 

303. To the principle of the thing ; there should be, they said, 
" no taxation without representation." 

304. Some declared in parliament that the imposed law was 
very unjust. 

305. The houses of British officials were mobbed ; those selling 
the stamps were forced to resign. The people agreed not to use 
any article of British manufacture. November 1, 1765, the day 
api^ointed for the law to go into effect was observed as a day of 
mourning. 

306. In 1766. 

307. New duties were laid on tea, glass, and papei. 

308. The mutiny act provided that the colonies should furnish 
quarters and supplies for British soldiers who should be sent 
over to collect taxes. 

309. The New York Assembly refused to provide as above for 



The Revolutionary War. 73 

the British soldiers and the parliament forbade it to pass any 
legislative acts. 

310. The Massachusetts Assembly sent a circular to the other 
colonies urging resistance and a union for the redress of griev- 
ances, parliament ordered it to second its action which vras re- 
fused. 

311. Nearly all of the assemblies of the other colonies had de- 
clared that parliament had no right to tax them without their 
consent. 

312. Two regiments of British soldiers had been ordered to 
Boston ; and March 5, 1770, a crowd of men and boys maddened 
by the presence of the British soldiers insulted the city guard. 
A fight took place, and three citizens were killed and eight 
wounded. This bloodshed was never forgotten ; public indigna- 
tion was aroused, and this "Boston Massacre" hastened the 
outbreak of the Revolutionary War. 

313. Vessels loaded with tea were sent home from New York 
and Philadelphia ; but at Boston British authorities refused to 
permit their return. At a public indignation meeting held in 
Faneuil Hall, it was resolved that the tea should never be brought 
ashore. A body of men disguised as Indians, boarded the vessels 
and threw 340 chests of tea into the water. This event, Decem- 
ber 16, 1773, was called " The Boston Tea Party." 

314. The appointment of Gen. Gage as governor of Massachu- 
setts, the closing of the port of Boston by act of parliament, the 
organization of companies of soldiers called minute men, and the 
growing popularity of the idea of a continental union, all tended 
to bring matters to a climax. 

315. The first Continental Congress was held September 5, 
1774 in Philadelphia. Every colony except Georgia was repres- 
ented by its most influential men. 

XI. THE REVOLUTIONARY WAR. 

316. The battle of Lexington was fought April 19, 1775. 
Eight hundred British soldiers had been sent to destroy the mili- 
tary stores which the colonists had gathered at Concord. On the 
Green at Lexington a company of minute men were fired upon 
by the redcoats ; seven Americans, the first martyrs of the re- 
volution were killed. The stores at Concord having been de- 
stroyed, the British prepared to return to Boston. A running 
fight ensued, and many British were killed. 

317. Thebattleof Lexington created immense excitement. Soon 
many thousands of patriots were building entrenchments and 



74 Answers on History of the United States, 

hemming in the British troops. The power of the royal gover- 
nors was destroyed. 

318. It was fought June 17 of the same year, and while a nomi- 
nal British triumph, the effect upon the Americans was that of 
a victory. 

319. May 10, 1775, in Philadelphia, Gen. Washington was ap- 
pointed commander of the national forces around Boston. A 
petition to the king was prepared, but he refused to receive it. 

320. The capture of Ticonderoga, May 10, and the unsuccess- 
ful attack of Montgomery and Arnold upon Quebec. 

321. March 17, the British evacuated Boston. June 28, the 
British unsuccessfully attacked Fort Moultrie and Charleston 
Harbor. July 4, adoption of the Declaration of Independence. 
August 27, the battle of Long Island. November and December, 
American retreated through New Jersey. December 25, the 
battle of Trenton. 

322. The people were very much discouraged. The American 
army was a band of fugitives. Many persons of influence went 
over to the British cause New Haven and New York were in the 
hands of the enemy. The battle of Trenton, however, was a 
brilliant victory, and much encouraged the Americans. 

323. Whigs and Tories. 

324. He was very bitter against the Americans ; refused to 
listen to advice ; and insisted upon fresh attempts to conquer 
America. 

325. January 3 ; September 11 ; and October 4, 1777. 

326. The general effect was very discouraging. 

327. Philadelphia. 

328. The surrender of Gen. Burgoyne and his army. 

329.^ Saratoga, October 17th, 1777. This was really the turn- 
ing point in the struggle for Independence. 

330. The battle of Bennington, August 16, 1777. 

331. It was intended to separate the New England colonies 
from the middle and southern ones. 

332. It was part of the plan that Gen. Howe should send an 
army up the Hudson to meet Gen. Burgoyne but a blunder pre- 
vented. 

333. At the battle of Bennington. 

334. The arrest and execution of Nathan Hale, an American 
soldier, wlio had volunteered to go within the British lines that 
he might learn the position of the enemy. 



The Revolutionary War. 75 

335- "I oi^ly regret that I have but one life to give for my 
country." 

336. It was the turning point of the war ; it gave artillery aiid 
ammunition to the Americans, and it made a great impression in 
England. 

337. In England it strengthened the party opposed to the war; 
it led to the formal alliance of France with the United States. 

338. The British army wintered in New York and in Phila- 
delphia, Washington at Valley Forge. 

339. The Confederation had no money ; there was no trade. 
Congress could borrow no money. The soldiers had neither 
money, food, nor clothing ; the blood from their naked feet 
stained the snow. 

340. A few potatoes and some salted herring made Washing- 
ton's dinner, while for dessert he had a plate, of hickory nuts. 

341. A plot formed to displace Washington and put Gates at 
the head of the army. 

342. Baron von Steuben came and trained and drilled the rag- 
ged regiments, turning the camp into a great military school. 
Lafayette came to the camp, and Congress ratified the treaty with 
France. 

343. That a French fleet had sailed for America. 

344. He had received orders to concentrate his forces at New 
York. 

345. June 28, 1778, disastrous for both sides. 

346. Gen. Lee, one of the cabal against Washington ; he was 
found guilty of disobedience to orders and deprived of his com- 
mand for a year. 

347. The British army was massed at New York and at New- 
port ; Washington was at White Plains. 

348. In July, 1778. 

349. The fighting was in the south ; the British soon overran 
all Georgia ; in the" north nothing of importance was done. 

350. The capture of Stony Point by Gen. Wayne. 

351. John Paul Jones. 

352. His one vessel, " The Bon Homme Richard," closed in 
with the British Vessel ••Serapis," and after a desperate en- 
counter he conquered her. 

353. In the midst of this engagement he lashed the ships to- 
gether. 

354. The surrender of Charlestown to the British, their over- 
running of South Carolina, and the treason of Arnold. 



76 Answers on History of the United States, 

455. Arnold was put in command of West Point. He pro- 
posed to Clinton to surrender it into the hands of the British ; his 
offer was accepted and Major Andre was selected to represent the 
British in a conference, He ascended the Hudson and on the 
night of September 21, 1780, met Arnold, but on his way back was 
arrested. Arnold at breakfast received news of Andre's capture. 
He immediately fled to the British lines. 

356. He received a colonelcy in the British army; six thousand 
pounds, and universal contempt. 

357. Andre was tried and hung as a spy. His fate provoked 
universal sympathy and great effort were made to save him. 

358. Paulding, Van Wart, and Williams. Andre offered them 
his horse, watch, purse, — any sum they might name. They 
declared that ten thousand guineas would not persuade them. 
Congress voted them each a silver medal and a pension for life. 

359. The siege and surrender of Yorktown. 

360. Washington, by a feint on New York, deceived Clinton, 
while he himself was already far on his way to the South. 

361. The French joined forces with Washington, and the two 
armies together besieged Yorktown. 

362. All parties felt that the war was over ; all felt that 
America was free. 

363. The news reached Philadelphia at 2 o'clock in the morn- 
ing ; the people were awakened by the watchman's cry, "past 
two o'clock and Cornwallis is taken." The door-keeper of Con- 
gress died of joy. 

364. All hope of subduing America was abandoned. 

565. The war had destroyed all commerce ; currency was 
worthless. George III was obstinate and war might be renewed 
at any time. The American army was in rebellion, there being 
no money to pay the soldiers. 

366. His fortitude and self control at Valley Forge ; his indig- 
nant refusal to be made king. 

367. The British held Charlestown for a year, and Savannah 
and New^ York about two years after the surrender at Yorktown. 

368. The treaty of peace was signed, acknowledging the lu- 
depence of the United States ; the army was disbanded. Wash- 
ington resigned his commission and retired to Mount Vernon. 

369. April 19, 1775, the Battle of Lexington. September 3, 
1783. The signing of the treaty of peace. 

370. They had agreed upon articles of confederation. 



Development of the states. 77 

371. It gave Congress no power ; they could only advise but 
not execute. 

372. The popular desire was to have each state independent 
and no national authority. 

373. Shay's rebellion in New England was an insurrection of 
people who refused to pay their taxes. 

374. A stronger national government. 

375. A Convention to revise the Articles of Confederation met 
in Philadelphia, Washington being choseu president. After much 
deliberation it adopted an entirely new constitution. 

376. It was adopted by the Constitutional Convention, Septem- 
ber, 1787. 

377. In 1788, Washington being inaugurated April 30th, of 
that year. 



THE FOURTH EPOCH. 



XII. THE DEVELOPMENT OF THE STATES. 

378. The inauguration of Washington as president, April 30, 
1789. 

379. April 29, 30, 31, 1889, in the city of Kew York, by grand 
civic and military parades. 

380. That of instinctive and heartfelt admiration. 

381. In New York city. 

382. New York was the capital until the year 1800. After this 
time Washington was the capital. 

383. March 4, 1789, in New York. 

384. It was to be ratified by nine states before it could become 
the law of the land. 

385. The approval of the states was to be given through con- 
ventions called expressly for this purpose ; thus every voter had 
an influence, and a thorough discussion of each and every part 
was had by the people. 

386. Hamilton, Madison, and John Jay went over the whole 
question with the greatest thoroughness. 



78 Answers on History of the United States, 

387. The Federalist was a volume containing the papers of 
Hamilton, Madison, and John Jay. 

388. Delaware unanimously, then Pennsylvania by a two third's 
vote. 

389. In Virginia and New York, but when these accepted the 
Constitution the matter was in effect settled. 

390. North Carolina and Rhode Island. 

391. It was a change from a confederation into a union. 

392. Like the separate states the Union was to have three de- 
partments of government, the legislative, the executive, and the 
judicial. 

393. Some thought the general government would have too 
much power, and others thought the people would lose their 
liberties as they had previously done under a king. 

394. An empty treasury, lack of credit, and a hostile Indian 
population, insolent Barbary pirates, Algerian dungeons tilled 
with American citizens, the navigation of the Mississippi refused 
by Spain, no Minister or Plenipotentiary from England, no com- 
mercial treaty with the British Empire. 

395. The payment of the confederation's debt. 

396. Alexander Hamilton, the first secretary of the treasury, 

397. He proposed that Congress should assume the debt con- 
tracted by the states during the Revolution, and should pay the 
the national debt in full. 

398. That it should be received by the government and good 
money given in exchange. 

399. The assumption of the debt of the states. 

400. The Federalists and the anti-Federalists. 

401. The Federalists in Congress were few in number but pos- 
sessed a brilliant leader, Alexander Hamilton; the anti-Federal- 
ists were numerous but divided into factions. 

402. Ardently in favor of the adoption of the Constitution and 
of a strong general government. 

403. The anti-Federalists inclined to give more strength to the 
states' governments and less to the general govermeut. 

404. The anti-Federalists at first defeated the proposition to 
assume the debt of the states. Hamilton persuaded two Virginia 
Congressmen to change their votes and support his measure, 
promising to use his influence to have the capital located on the 
Potomac River instead of further north. 

405. The whiskey rebellion occurred in Western Pennsylvania 
in 1794. 



Development of the states. 79 

406. The rioters demanded that no tax should be paid on 
whiskey. The government showed itself in earnest to put down 
the rebellion and the rioters dispersed. 

407. A treaty with Great Britain, and one also with Spain se- 
curing to the United States the free navigation of the Mississippi; 
a treaty with Algiers releasing American prisoners and opening 
the Mediterranean commerce to American vessels. 

408. War broke out between France and England and the 
Americans strongly sympathized with France. Washington saw 
that the true American policy was to keep free from all entangling 
European alliances. 

409. Jefferson, Madison, and Randolph were leaders of the 
Republican party. They opposed the United States Bank, the 
treaty with England, and the assumption of the states' debt. 

410. Hamilton and Adams were the leaders of the Federalist 
party and supported Washington's administration. 

411. His declination of a third term. 

412. Adams, the Federalist candidate, was elected President 
by a majority of only two votes over Jefferson, the Republican 
candidate. 

413. His farewell address'. 

414. John Adams, President, Thomas Jefferson, Vice-presi- 
dent. 

415. The President was a Federalist, the Vice-president was 
the leader of the Democratic-Republican party, as it was then 
called. 

416. Whether the United States should side with England or 
with France. 

417. Jay's treaty prevented war with England but almost 
caused war with France. 

418. He sent to France a special commission, John Marshall, 
Charles Pinckney, and Elbridge Gerry. 

419. With the greatest indignity she demanded that the United 
states should lend her money, and even pay down a round sum 
before they should be received at all. 

420. America indignantly prepared for war with France • 
Washington was placed at the head of a new army. 

421. " Millions for defence, but not one cent for tribute." 

422. The Alien Laws passed by Congress giving the President 
power to send out of the country any alien dangerous to its peace. 
The Sedition Laws gave the president power to tine and im- 
prison persons guilty of conspiring against the government. 



So Answers on History of the United States. 

423. They opposed them, believing that they gave too much 
power to the general government. 

424. Napoleon, who had risen to power in France, made a treaty 
satisfactory to the Americans. 

425. For the death of Washington on December 14. 

426. Thomas Jefferson, third president of the United States, 
served from 1801 to 1809. The most important event of his ad- 
ministration was the purchase of Louisiana. 

427. Over 1,000,000 square miles of land, and the full posses- 
sion of the Mississippi River were secured for $15,000,000. 

428. Aarou Burr, the vice-president, regarded Hamilton with 
contempt and hatred, and at last challenged him to a duel. Ham- 
ilton was killed, and Burr was covered with ignominy. 

429. Burr went west; was suspected of a design to bieak up 
the Union. Was arrested and tried on a charge of treason ; 
although acquitted he remained an outcast. 

430. Robert Fulton's invention of the steamboat made the year 
1807 memorable. 

431. The war with Tripoli, and complications with both Eng- 
land and France. England tried to prohibit the United States 
from trading with France ; and Napoleon forbade all commerce 
with England. 

432. England claimed the right of impressment. 

433. England's usurpations induced Jefferson to order all Brit- 
ish vessels of war to quit the waters of the United States. Con- 
gress passed an act forbidding American vessels to leave port. 
All intercourse with England or France was forbidden. 

434. Madison, the fourth president of the United States, served 
two terms, from 1809 to 1817. The great event of his adminis- 
tration was the second war with Great Britain. 

435. British influence brought on Indian depredations ; the fa- 
mous chief, Tecumseh, formed a confederacy of the north western 
tribes. Gen. Harrison with a strong foice having been sent 
against them, the Indians were routed with great loss. 

436. The impressment of American seamen, the capture of 
American ships, and the refusal of England to make any repara- 
tion or promises of amendment. 

437. The declaration of war against Great Britain took place 
June 19, 1812, and the treaty of peace was signed December 24, 
1814 

438. The surrender of Detroit by Gen. Hull. 

439. The defeat of the Americans at Queenstown Heights 



Development of the states. 8i 

440. The capture of the " Guerriere " by the "Constitution," 
off the coast of Massachusetts; the capture of the "Frolic "by 
the " Wasp " off the coast of North Carolina. 

441. During the year over 300 prizes were captured, and the 
result was great enthusiasm throughout America. 

442. The invasion of Canada by three armies. (1) one by way 
of the Niagara River; (2) along Lake Champlain; (8) by the army 
of Gen. Harrison still further west. 

443. September 10, 1813, Captain Perry got together a fleet of 
nine vessels on Lake Erie ; Perry's despatch " we have met with 
the enemy and they are ours " fitly described a brilliant and im- 
portant victory, 

444. The battle of the Thames, marked by brilliant courage, 
excellent mana3uvering. 

445. The encounter of the " Chesapeake " with the " Shannon " 
made memorableby Captain Lawrence's " Don't give up the ship. " 

446. Gen. Scott's victory at the battle of Luudy's Lane, July 25; 
the battle of Champlain, September 11 ; the ravages on the Atlan- 
tic coast by the British fleet. 

447. The battle of New Orleans, January 8, 1815. 

448. The British were hopelessly defeated with a loss of over 
two thousand, while the American loss was but seven killed and 
six wounded. 

449. England tacitly, if not formally, gave up the right of 
impressment. The navy of the United States secured the respect 
of the world. Manufactories, established during the war, con- 
tinued to live afterwards. 

450. James Munroe, the fifth president of the United States, 
served from 1817 to 1825 ; the greatest event of his administration 
was the Missouri Compromise. 

451. The question of the extension of slavery in the new states. 

452. Indiana 1816, Mississippi 1817, Illinois 1818, Alabama 
1819, Maine 1820, Missouri 1821. 

453. Whether it should come in as a free or a slave state. 

454. At the first there were slaves both north and south; at 
the north being unprofitable it died out, while at the south it was 
successful and constantly on the increase. 

455. The general question was, shall the system of human 
slavery be extended into the new states and territories, or be 
restricted to its present limits The practical question during 
Munroe's administration was, shall Missouri come in as a free or 
as a slave state. 



82 Answers on History of the United States. 

456. The author of the Missouri Compromise was Henry Glay: 
the provisions of the Compromise were that Missouri should be 
admitted as a slave state, but that slavery should be prohibited in 
all other territories west of the Mississippi, and north of parallel 
36" 30 in. the southern boundary of Missouri. 

457. The invention of the cotton gin by Whitney, by which 
cotton was cleaned from the seed, an operation previously done 
by hand, and very expensive. 

458. Sugar, tobacco, and cotton. 

459. The visit of Lafayette to the United States. 

460. A treaty by which Spain ceded Florida to the United 
States. 

461. President Munroe promulgated the famous Munroe doc- 
trine, that any effort of any European nativon to obtain a foothold 
in America would be regarded as an unfriendly act. 

462. In 1863 by the French setting up an imperial government 
in Mexico. 

463. The great question of a protective tariff. 

464. It divided the party. 

465. Into the whig party and the democratic party. 

466. The two questions of a protective tariff and a general 
S3'stem of internal improvement, the vvhigs favored both and the 
democrats opposed both. 

467. A duty imposed upon imported goods for the purpose of 
encouraging their manufacture at home. 

468. Improving the navigation of rivers and harbors, building 
of bridges, railroads, etc, 

469. The administration of Munroe, 1817-1825. 

470. Munroe's. 

471. Indiana, free ; Mississippi, slave ; Illinois, free ; Alabama, 
slave ; Maine, free ; Missouri, slave. 

472. The struggle over the admission of Missouri. 

473. Between the old political disputes of federalists and anti- 
federalists and the coming " irresistible conflict " over the exten- 
sion of slavery. 

474. Washington and Jefferson had opposed slavery and desired 
to get rid of it. 

475. That even if Washington and Jefferson had opposed it in 
theory, nevertheless they kept their own slaves ; that the consti- 
tution recogiii/ed and defended slavery; that it was the best 
condition for the colored people; that white men could not endurg 



Development of the States, ^^ 

labor in hot climates; that cotton and sugar could be raised only 
by negro labor. 

476. That slavery was inhuman; that there could rightly be no 
property in men; that the relation of master and slave was demor- 
alizing to both ; that it was a cruel wrong to sell people at auction 
and thus break up families. 

477. There were 24 states, with a population of nearly nine 
and a half millions. 

478. John Quincy Adams and Henry Clay were the great whig 
leaders; Audrew Jackson and John C. Calhoun were the cham- 
pions of the democrats. 

479. John Quiucy Adams was the sixth president from 1825 to 
1829. The most important event of his administration was per- 
haps the building of the first railroad in America in 1827. 

480. In 1825. 

481. The country was very prosperous, the national debt was 
rapidly disappearing, and there was a surplus of $5,000,000 in 
the treasury. 

482. It was at its height, popular at the east, but distasteful at 
the south. 

483. The death of John Adams and Thomas Jefferson, July 4, 
1826. 

484. Andrew Jackson was the seventh president, serving two 
terms, from 1829 to 1837. The most important event of his 
administration was his suppression of the nullification excitement 
in South Carolina. 

485. He was a man of great courage, inflexible honesty, and 
immense energy, but somewhat narrow and violent. 

486. A general removal of officers appointed by his prede- 
cessor. 

487. During the first year of his administration there were 700 
removals from office in the more important situations. During 
the 40 years preceding there had been but 64 removals. 

488. South Carolina, discontented with the tariff, planned se- 
cession from the Union, and passed an ordinance declaring the 
tariff law null and void. 

489. With amazing energy and promptness he issued a procla- 
mation, declaring his purpose to execute the laws of the United 
States, and ordered troops under General Scott to Charleston. 

490. Henry Clay, "Compromise Incarnate,'' proposed his cele- 
brated Compromise Bill, providing for a gradual reduction of 
the tariff, which wjis accepted by both sides and quiet restored, 



84 Answers on History of the United States, 

491. He vetoed the bill for the renewing of its charter; re- 
moved the public money from its vaults, and deposited it in the 
local banks. 

492. The Black Hawk war, in 1832, in the Northwest Terri- 
tory; the Florida w^ar, 1835, with the Seminoles. 

493. General Harrison, as the Whig candidate, and Van Buren 
as the Democratic candidate. 

494. Van Buren was chosen president, and his election meant 
the triumph of the policy of Jackson — no United States bank; no 
protective tariff. 

495. Van Buren was the eighth president. He served one 
term, 1837 — 1841. The most important event during his admi- 
nistration was the great commercial crisis of 1837. 

496. The wild speculations of the people during the preceding 
administration brought on great financial distress. Business men 
everywhere failed, no one could pay his debts, property depre- 
ciated; eight of the states, either wholly or in part, defaulted, 
and even the general government could not meet its obligations. 

497. The northeast boundary between Maine and New Bruns- 
wick. 

498. The candidates were Van Buren, of the Democrats, and 
Harrison, of the Whigs; the latter was overwhelmingly elected, 
showing that the confidence of the people in the Democratic 
party was decidedly on the wane. 

499. Harrison and Tyler were the ninth and tenth presidents, 
and they together served from 1841 — 1845. 

500. This sect settled at Nauvoo, Illinois, 1840. A mob in 
1845 drove them out of the state. 

501. Harrison died a few weeks after commencing his duties, 
and T^der became president. Although elected as a Whig, he 
refused to carry out the favorite measures of his party. 

502. The Texans became independent of Mexico, and applied 
for admission into the Union. After discussion the state was 
admitted. 

503. The United States claimed 50'' 40' as the boundary line, 
but the matter was finally compromised by fixing the boundary 
at 49\ 

504. The Democrats nominated Polk; the Wliigs, Henry Clay. 
The main question w^as the approval or disapproval of the an- 
nexation of Texas. The Democrats favored the admission of 
Texas, while the Whigs opposed it. After a close contest Polk 
was elected. 

505. Polk was the eleventh president, serving from 1845—1849. 



Development of the States. 85 

Tlie most important event of his administration was the Mexican 
war. 

506. The war with Mexico. 

507. Texas claimed the Rio Grande as its western boundary, 
but Mexico claimed that it was the river Nueces. The United 
States took up the cause of Texas,. and so began the Mexican 
war. 

508. General Taylor's army, General Kearney's army, and 
General Scotfs army. 

509. General Taylor having gained several victories over the 
Mexicans within the disputed territory, between the Nueces and 
Rio Grande, soon drove the Mexicans across the Rio Grande. 
Somewhat later he stormed Monterey, and, after a bitter contest, 
the city was surrendered. A third battle, that of Buena Vista, 
bitterly contested by the Mexican general Santa Anna, added 
another victory to the brilliant record of Genei-al Taylor. 

510. The conquest of New Mexico and California, which was 
entirely accomplished. 

511. The overland march from Vera Cruz to Mexico was 
marked by the battle of Cerro Gordo and the surrender of 
Puebla. The series of battles before the city of Mexico included 
the storming of the intrenched camp of Contreras and the height 
of Cherubusco, and finally of the castle of Chapultepec. Soon 
after this, September 14, 1847, the army entered the city of 
Mexico. 

512. The treaty of peace was dated February 2, 1848. The 
United States gained a vast territory reaching south to the Gila 
River and west to the Pacilic. 

513. The Wilmot Proviso, forbidding slavery in any of the ter- 
ritory acquired by the Mexican war, caused bitter debate in and 
out of Congress. 

514. The discovery of gold in a mill race on the Sacramento 
Valley, February, 1848. 

515. The soil for miles around, where gold was first found, 
was full of the precious metal. Crowds flocked from all parts of 
America, and from Europe and Asia. In eighteen months 100,- 
000 persons had rushed to the Pacitic coast from other parts of 
the Union. 

516. The Whigs, the Democrats, the Free Soilers. General 
Taylor was elected, 

517. Taylor and Fillmore were respectively the twelfth and 
thirteenth presidents, serving from 1849 — 1853; the great event 
of this administration was the Compromise of 1850. 



S6 Answers on History of the United States. 

518. General Taylor, like General Harrison, died soon after 
havinj:^ been inaugurated president, and was succeeded by Mil- 
lard Fillmore. 

519. The question of tlie extension of slavery. 

520. Tlie nomination of Taylor was olfensive to many Whigs, 
lie was a slaveholder, and those who disliked him withdrew from 
the Whig party, and formed the Free Soil party. 

521. California applied for admission as a free state, giving 
rise to a great debate, in which for a while it seemed as if the 
Union would be rent asunder. 

522. Henry Clay and Daniel Webster. 

523. 1st. California to be a free state. 2d. Utah and New 
Mexico to be formed without any provision as to slavery. 3d. 
Texas to be paid $10,000,000 for New Mexico. 4th. Slave trade 
to be prohibited in the District of Columbia; and 5th. That a 
fugitive slave law, providing for the return to their owners of 
slaves escaping to a free state, should be enacted. 

524. The fugitive slave law. 

525. Charles Sumner, Horace Mann, Wendell Phillij)s. 

526. Daniel Webster. 

527. It produced the greatest excitement that had ever been 
during the slavery agitation. 

528. The population in 1850 was about 23,000,000. 

529. The United States was fast becoming rich; all the indus- 
tries of a high civilization were rapidly developing; chui-ches, 
books, educational institutions were rapidly multiplying; Ameri- 
can authors began to take their place among the great men 
in literature, 

530. The Lyceum System of popular lectures. While the 
children went to school^ their elders went to hear lectures which 
taught them science, literature, art, and philosophy. 

531. Edgar Allen Poe died in 1849. 

532. Washington Irving, William Cullen Bryant, Whittier, 
Holmes, and Lowell. 

533. The Scarlet Letter — Hawthorne; Evangeline — Longfel- 
low; Essays — Emerson. 

534. Uncle Tom's Cabin, by Harriet Beecher Stowe. 

535. It went home to the hearts and minds of the people; they 
laughed and cried over it by turns. In vain the Southern people 
denied its truthfulness. It was a great question, and the people 
beliwed it. 

536. The Democratic and Whig parties declared that they 



Development of the States. 87 

stood by the provisions of tbo Omnibus Bill. The Free Soil party 
was outspoken against it. 

537. Pierce, of the Democratic party, was elected by a large 
majority. 

538- Franklin Pierce was the fourteenth president. He served 
from 1853 — 1857. The most important event of his administra- 
tion was the overthrow of the Missouri Compromise. 

539- By the passage, May 1854, of the Kansas Nebraska Bill. 

540. Stephen A. Douglas; the doctrine of Squatter sovereignty, 
i.e., the right of the inhabitants of each territory to determine 
for themselves whether they should establish slavery or freedom. 

541. It was everywhere resisted by the anti- slavery party, and 
more than 3000 of the New England clergy petitioned Congress 
against it. 

542. Emigration parties were organized throughout the north. 
It was proposed to settle the question of slavery in Kansas and 
Nebraska by being on the ground before hand. 

543. To add these two territories as slave states. 

544. Missourians passed from their state into Kansas and Ne- 
])raska determined to secure those two states for slavery. This 
was the "Border Warfare." 

545. The struggle went on for six years. Bands of armed men 
from Missouri took possession of the poles and controlled the 
election. The result was actual warfare between armed men of 
each party, for the control of these two states. 

546. The purchase by the United States for |10,000,000 from 
Mexico of the tract of land on the Mexican border. 

547. The treaty of Commodore Perry with Japan. 

548. The Whig party ceased to exist ; the slavery question be- 
came the sole issue. 

549. The Republican party. 

550. The Republican and Democratic parties. Fremont, the 
nominee of the Republican party, received the votes of eleven 
states. Buchanan, the candidate of the Democrats, was elected. 

551. James Buchanan was fifteenth president. He served 
from 1857 to 1861. The great event of his administration was 
the breaking out of the Civil War. 

552. It was on the whole a failure. He found it impossible to 
accomplish his avowed aim, the restoration of fraternal feeling. 

553. The Dred Scott Decision, the increased opposition in the 
north to the fugitive slave law and the insurrection of John Brown 
at Harper's Ferry. 



88 Answers on History of the United States. 

554. That slaves were not persons in the eyes of the law, but 
things ; that slaveholders might take their slaves into any State 
in the Union without forfeiting them as propert}^ 

555- It gave new confidence at the start to the pro-slavery 
party ; to those on the contrary not educated amidst slavery 
sentiment it seemed inhuman, unjust, and therefore deepened 
the anti-slavery feeling, and cemented more firmly together the 
Republican party. 

556. As removing the last barrier to the extension of slavery, 
and changing it from a state to a national institution. 

557. It restored runaway slaves to their masters without trial, 
and commanded every good citizen to aid in the arrest of fugi- 
tives. 

558. Jolm Brown brooding over the scenes through which he 
had passed in Kansas, resolved to mnke a direct assault on slavery. 
AVith a few followers he seized the United States Arsenal at 
Harper's Ferry and proclaimed freedom to the slaves. His 
small band was soon overpowered by United States troops; him- 
self and his chief confederates were hanged as traitors. 

559. The slavery question. 

560. On the question of extension of slavery into the territo- 
ries, the democratic party divided. Those who claimed that 
slavery could be carried into any territory, nominated John C. 
Breckinridge ; those who favored squatter sovereignty, nomi- 
nated Stephen A. Douglas. 

561. Abraham Lincoln on the platform, that slavery should be 
protected where it was, but should not be carried into free terri- 
tory. 

562. Every free State, except New Jersey, was carried for 
Lincoln, and he was to be the next president. 

563. The secession of South Carolina in December, and soon 
after Mississippi, Florida, Alabama, Georgia, Louisiana and 
Texas. 

564. In February, 1860, at Montgomery, Alabama. 

565. Jefferson Davis, of Mississippi, president ; Alexander H. 
Stevens, of Georgia, vice-president. 

566. It was a matter of gradual growth. The differences be- 
tween north and south on the slaver}^ question, and the tariff had 
been growing for generations. 

567. The Missouri Compromise of 1820; Clay's Compromise 
Tariff of 1833 ; the Compromise Bill of 1850. 

568. The Election of Lincoln. 



The Civil War, 89 

569. United States forts, arsenals, custom bouses and ships 
were seized by the states in whicb tbey were situated. 

570. The president did nothing ; he held he had no power to 
prevent the brealving up of the Union. The cabinet sympathized 
with the secessionists ; Gen. Scott urged action. 

571. Fort Sumter, in Charleston Harbor, was in command of 
Major Anderson, who kept the United States tlag tlying over the 
fort. The Star of the West, an unarmed steamer bearing troops 
and supplies to the fort, was fired upon and driven back. 

572. The government at Washington seemed paralyzed with 
fear ; the southern leaders declared that relieving the fort would 
be to declare war. 

573. Twenty-one. 

574. Vermont, 1791 ; Kentucky, 1792 ; Tennessee, 1797. 

575. Ohio, 1803 ; Louisiana, 1812. 

576. The first, third and fifth were admitted as free states, the 
alternate, as slave states. 

577. Arkansas, 1836 ; Michigan, 1837 ; Florida, 1845 ; Texas, 
1845 ; Iowa, 1846 ; Wisconsin, 1848 ; California, 1850 ; Minne- 
sota, 1848 ; Oregon, 1859 ; Kansas, 1861. 

578. Thirty.four. 



THE FIFTH EPOCH. 



XIII. THE CIVIL WAR. 

579. The inauguration of Lincoln, March 4, 1861. The surren- 
der of Lee's army, April 9, 1865. 

5S0. Everything foreboded war ; uncertainty reigned supreme ; 
the treasury was nearly empty, the southern oflScers in the army 
and the navy were daily resigning and joining the Southern Con- 
federacy. 

581. They feared lest they should precipitate civil strife. 

582. One month after his inauguration he informed the south- 
ern authorities that he should send supplies to Fort Sumter at all 
hazards. 



9© Answers on History of the United States. 

583. They ordered the Confederate forces to open fire on the 
fort. 

584. The Confederate attack upon the United States, the bom- 
bard men t of Fort Sumter. 

585. The United States flag was lowered and the garrison sur- 
rendered, marching out on April 14. 

586. It startled the entire nation, unified the north and also the 
south. The war spirit swept the country ; the border states were 
compelled to make their choice. 

587. Virginia, Arkansas, Tennessee, and North Carolina. 

588. Delaware, Maryland, Kentucky and Missouri. 

589. The western counties of Virginia was so strongly opposed 
to secession that they refused to obey the ordinance of secession, 
formed a new state which was admitted into the Union in 1863 as 
West Virginia. 

590. Virginia. 

591. They called the United States troops Federal soldiers and 
themselves Confederates. 

592. The northern people called their antagonists Rebels ; they 
called tliemselves Unionists. 

593. President Lincoln issued a proclamation calling for 
75,000 troops. 

594. 300,000 volunteers enrolled themselves for the defence of 
the Union, and the American tiag was everywhere unfurled in 
the northern states. 

595. In the streets of Baltimore, April 19, the anniversary of 
Lexington and Concord. 

596. Gen. McClellan defeated the Confederates in several bat- 
tles, thus wresting the entire state from the control of the Con- 
federacy. 

597. On July 21, 1861 at Bull Run, occurred the first battle ; 
the Federals were defeated and the retreated become a panic- 
stricken rout. 

598. The north was mortified and chagrined, but the ultimate 
effect was good, and with renewed determination they set them- 
selves to the desperate struggle. 

599. Congress voted $5,000,000 and 500,000 men. 

600. Gen. McClellan. 

601. The Confederates had been successful in the two great 
battles of the year, but the Federalists had saved Fortress Monroe, 
and had captured the forts at Hatteras Inlet and Port Royal. 
They had kept Maryland, Missouri and West Virginia in the 



The Civil War. 91 

Union, The Federalists had thrown the whole south into a state 
of siege, 

602. The Natioiuil army 500,000, the Confederate's 350,000. 

603. 1. The openiu.ii^ of the Mississippi ; 3. the blockade of the 
southern ports ; 3. the capture of Richmond. 

604. Tlie capture of Forts Henry and Donaldson, Feb. IG ; the 
battle of Shiloh, April 6 and 7 ; the "capture of Island No. 10, 
April 7. The battle of Murfreesboro, Dec. 31, Jan. 2. 

605. The capture of New Orleans, April 25; the capture of 
Fort Macon, Fort Pulaski and Jacksonville. 

606. When the year ended every city on the Atlantic coast, 
except Savannah and Charleston, was held by the Federal Army. 

607. The battle between the Merrimac and the Monitor. 

608. It was the first battle between iron ships that ever oc- 
curred. The Monitor of nine hundred tons burden, vanquished 
her adversary of five tliousaud tons, 

609. On this battle perhaps hinged the fate of the war. Had 
the Merrimac triumphed she would probably have broken the 
blockade, destroyed the shipping of the northern ports, and se- 
cured England's recognition of the Confederacy. 

610. The Siege of Yorktown ; the battle of Williamsburg, 
May 5 ; the threatening of Richmond by McClellau ; Jackson's 
advance down the Shenandoah Valley. 

611. His plan was that McDowell should march from Freder- 
icksburg to join him in the attack on Richmond. 

612. Jackson's movement down the Shenandoah Valley threat- 
ened Washington, prevented McDowell's junction and saved 
Richmond. 

613. The battle of Fair Oaks, May 31, June 1, and the Seven 
Days' Battles, June, 26, July 7. 

614. The general effect of this campaign was a Confederate 
triumph. The siege of Richmond had been raised, 10,000 pris- 
oners captured, immense stores had been captured or destroyed. 

615. Gen. McClellan was directed to transfer his army to the 
Potomac River and put it under the command of Gen. Pope. 

616. Lee proposed to crush Pope and march on Washington 
before McClellan could come to his aid. 

617. The result was the second battle of Bull Run, which like 
the tirst was a Union defeat. 

618. Pope was defeated ; the safety of the capital endangered. 

619. Lee crossed the Potomac and invaded Maryland, Sept. 5. 

620. McClellan restored to the command of the Army of the 



92 Answers on History of the United States, 

Potomac overtook liim and fought the battles of South IVrountain 
aiulAutietam, Sept. 17. 

621. It was a Union victory. The north was saved from in- 
vasion, and Washington from any danger of an attack. 

622. Sept. 22, 18G2. 

623. About the time of the Emancipation Proclamation. 

624. General Burnside had been appointed the successor of 
McClellan, but was defeated with a loss of over 12,000, on the 
banks of the Rappahanock. 

625. General Grant's capture of Vicksburg. 

626. The opening of the Mississippi. 

627. The battle of Chickamauga, Sept. 19 and 20; the battle of 
Chattanooga, Nov. 24 and 25; the kattle of Lookout Mountain, 
Nov. 24 ; the battle of Missionary Ridge. 

628. The utter route of the Confederate army, the possession 
of Chattanooga by the Union forces. 

629. It became the doorway to the interior of the Confederacy. 

630. The battle of Chancellorsville, May 2, 3; the battle of 
Gettysburg, July 1-3. 

631. The battle of Gettysburg. 

032. The Federals had opened the Mississippi River, and in the 
battle of Gettysburg had overthrown the finest army that the 
Confederates had ever gotten together. 

633. Lieutenant-general Grant. 

634. Grant was to attack Lee in Virginia, and Sherman, John- 
ston in Georgia. 

635. Sherman, with 100,000 men proceeded by a series of con- 
summate military operations to drive Johnston gradually back to 
Atlanta, which was accomplished July 10, 1864. 

636. Sherman continued his out-flanking operations and com- 
pelled the evacuation of Atlanta. 

637. Four months fighting, ten pitched battles cost the Union 
army 80,000 and the Confederate 35,000 men. 

638. Georgia was the great supply house of the Confederacy. 
Federal possession of this stronghold meant great hardsliip lo 
the south. 

639. Two armies, the Confederate under General Hood and 
the National under General Sherman, began to march from each 
other as fast as they could go. 

640. Hood's invasion of Tennessee, and Sherman's march to 
the sea. 



The Civil War, 93 

641. In the battle of Nashville by General Thomas. 

642. An entire army had been destroyed. Hood's army was 
demoralized and turned into a rabble, 

643. Sherman burning the city of Atlanta, started for the At- 
lantic eoast. In live weeks marching in four columns, they 
reached the sea and captured Savannah. 

644. A fertile region 00 miles wide and 300 miles long w^as 
laid waste. 300 miles of railroad were destroyed, the eastern 
part of the Confederacy was cut in twain, and immense supplies 
of stores and provisions M^ere captured. 

645. The battle of the Wilderness, May 5, 6; battle of Spotsyl- 
vania, May 8-13; battle of Cold Harbor, June 3; the attack on 
Petersburg. 

646. The Union army had lost 70,000 men, and the Confeder- 
ates had lost 40,000. 

647. Hammering away at Lee's army conscious that it was 
the last hope of the Confederacy. 

648. From the summer of 18G4 to the spring of 1865. 

649. The mine explosion, July 30, and the attack on the Wel- 
don railroad, Aug. 18. 

650. He invaded the Shenandoah Valley, Maryland, and 
Pennsylvania, burning the village of Chambersburg. 

651. Early appeared before one of the defences of Washing- 
ton, July 10, but reinforcements arrived, and he was compelled 
to retire beyond the Potomac. Sheridan being put in command 
made the most brilliant campaign of the war, almost destroying 
Earl^^'s army. 

652. It was the last attempt of the Confederates to threaten 
Washington. 

653. Aug. 5, 1864. 

654. The Union fleet forced their way past the Confederate 
forts, and after a desperate resistance the great iron clads of the 
Confederates were taken. 

655. Admiral Farragut, that he might the better command his 
fleet, lashed himself to the rigging of his flagship the Hartford. 

656. Jan. 15, 1865. After heroic defence during which the 
Federal soldiers had burst into the fort, and had for hours main- 
tained a hand-to-hand fight with the garrison; the fort was 
taken. 

657. The blockade of the great line of southern coast was now 
so elfectual that imports commanded fabulous prices. 



94 Answers on History of the United Slates. 

658. Confederate cruisers bad driven American commerce out 
of existence. 

659. Tliey were bnilt in England, and were manned by Brit- 
isb sailors, officered and commissioned by Confederates. 

660. The Alabama in spite of tbe remonstrance of tbe United 
States Minister at the court of England was allowed to leave port 
and go to the Azores where she was furnished with arms and 
ammunition and taken command of by the Confederate Captain 
Semmes. After capturing over sixty vessels he sailed to Cher- 
bourg, France. 

661. The Alabama challenged the Kearsarge. The Kearsarge 
so manoeuvered that the Alabama was compeTlcd to move around 
her in a circular track while the National ship trained his guns 
upon her with fearful effect. On the seventh rotation the Ala- 
bama ran up the white flag and soon after sank. 

662. Organizations of the northern people for the comfort of 
the sick and wounded. Over $17,000,000 in money and supplies 
were expended by this commission. 

663. There was great dissatisfaction with the conduct of the 
war. In July it required $3.90 in greenbacks to buy $1 in gold. 

664. Lincoln was renominated b}-- the Republican party. 
McClellan was the Democratic candidate. 

665. Lincoln had a popular majority of over 400,000. 
McClellan carried onl}" three States. 

666. The blockade of the southern ports was complete. Sher- 
man had swept across Georgia, Sheridan had devastated the 
Shenandoah Valley, Thomas had annihilated Hood's army, while 
Grant held Lee firmly in Richmond. 

667. Sherman was to join Grant at Richmond in a final attack 
upon Lee. Sheridan had already taken his place with Grant 
before Richmond. 

668. In Feb. 1865. 

669. Columbia was captured and burned to the ground. 
Charleston was evacuated by the Confederates. 

670. To abandon Richmond and unite his forces with Johnston, 
who was opposing Sherman's army. 

671. April 2, 3, 18G5. " 

672. Appomattox Court House, April 9, 1865. 

673. This closed the war; the other Confederate armies 
promptly surrendered. Jefferson Davis fled southward, but was 
overtaken in Georgia and sent a prisoner to Fortress JMonroe. 

674. On the Federal side there were probably 300,000 killed ia 



The Civil War. 95 

battle or died of wounds or disease; probably 200,000 more were 
crippled for life. If the Confederate loss was equal to this, 
1,000,000 men was the price of the preservation of the Union. 

675. 2,750 millions of dollars. 

676. April 14, 1865. 

677. West Virginia, 1863; Nevada, 1864. 



THE SIXTH EPOCH. 



XIV. THE ERA OF NATIONAL EXPANSION. 

678. The surrender of Lee's army, April 9, 1865. 

679. Andrew Johnson, within three hours after the death of 
Lincoln, took the oath of othce. 

680. Within six months after the close of the war, a million 
and a half of soldiers had returned to the pursuits of peace. 

681. A proclamation of amnesty and pardon to all except cer- 
tain classes, in May 1865; the thirteenth amendment abolishing 
slavery became a part of the Constitution in 1865. 

682. In 1866 the debt of the United States had begun to di- 
minish, before all the extra troops called out by the war had 
been discharged. 

683. Upon the manner in which the southern states should be 
restored to the Union. 

684. Congress declared that it alone had the power to deter- 
mine the conditions for return to the Union. 

685. Tennessee ratified the fourteenth amendment and was 
restored to her former place in the Union. 

686. The provisional governments of the other states refused 
to accept the fourteenth amendment; Congress passed a bill 
Mar. 2, 1867, placing those states under military rule. 

687. A guarantee of equal civil rights to all regardless of race 
or color. 

688. Arkansas, Alabama, Florida, Georgia, Louisiana, North 
and South Carolina, were re-admitted in 1868. 

O89. The impeachment of the president, 



g6 Answers on History of the United States. 

690. He was acquitted. A two-thirds majority of the senators 
voting could not be obtained. 

691. The successful laying of the Atlantic Cable. 

692. Alaska was purchased of Russia in 1867, for $7,500,000 
in gold. 

693. The treaty with China. 

694. Grant was the Republican nominee and Seymour the 
Democratic. 

695. Grant was elected. 

696. Grant w\is the eighteenth president, serving from 1869 to 
1877. The most important event of his administration was the 
Centennial Exhibition in 1876. 

697. The opening of the Pacific Railroad establishing direct 
communication between New York and San Francisco. 

698. The Pacific Railroad was in reality a new route to India. 

699. The fifteenth amendment, guaranteeing the right of suf- 
frage to all irrespective of race, color, or previous condition of 
servitude, became a part of the Constitution, Mar. 30, 1870. 

700. The price of gold fell to 110. In two years more than 
200 millions of the national debt had been paid off. 

701. More than 38,000,000. 

702. Oct. 8, 1871. In tw^o days 25.000 buildings were burned, 
100,000 persons made homeless and $200,000,000 w^orth of prop- 
erty destroyed. 

703. Nov. 9, 1872. 170,000,000 worth of property was de- 
stroyed. 

704. The claims of the United States upon Great Britain for 
damages caused by the privateer Alabama. 

705. A High Commission composed of distinguished statesmen 
of both countries met in Washington, who agreed to refer the 
whole matter to a Board of Arbitration to meet in Switzerland. 
This Board awarded the United States 115,500,000 in gold. 

706. A company organized for the purpose of building the 
Pacific Railroad. 

707. In 1873. 

708. The anniversaries of the battles of Lexington and Con- 
cord and of Bunker Hill. 

709. It was composed of five senators, Wva representatives, and 
five judges of the supreme court. 

710. Who was elected president of the United States in 1876. 



Miscellaneous Topics. 97 

711. That 185 votes had been cast for Hayes and Wheeler, 
Hud 184 for Tilden and Hendricks. 

712. Hayes was the nineteenth president of the United States. 
The two most remarkable events were the withdrawal of the 
United States troops from South Carolina and Louisiana in 1877, 
and the resumption of specie payment in 1878. 

713. More than 50 millions. 

714. 1750,000,000. 

715. Garlield and Arthur were the twentieth and twenty-first 
presidents, and served from 1881 to 1885. 

716. He brought to the presidency such a degree of knowledge, 
wisdom, and experience as few of our presidents have possessed. 

717. Frauds in the letting of mail routes in the western states, 
which were promptly exposed in the early part of Garfield's ad- 
ministration. 

718. He was fatally shot on the morning of July 2, 1881, and 
died at Long Branch, Sept. 19. 

719. Universal and profound sorrow affected people of all 
shades of political opinion. 

720. On the day of his funeral business was suspended all over 
the country, while private houses and public buildings in every 
town and city were draped in mourning. 

721. The bill vesting the presidential succession in case there 
is neither president nor vice-president, successively in the secre- 
taries of State, Treasury, and War, the Attorney-General, the Post 
Master General, the Secretaries of the Navy and the Interior. 

722. Chester A. Arthur succeeded Garfield, taking the oath of 
otfice at midnight in New York immediately after receiving in- 
formation of his death. 

723. Civil Service Reform and the Tariff. 

724. Blaine and Logan, on the part of the Republicans, Cleve- 
land and Hendricks on the part of the Democrats. 

725. Cleveland and Hendricks were elected. 

726. Nebraska 1867; Colorado, 1876; North Dakota, South 
Dakota, Washington, and Montana, 1889; and Idaho in 1890. 

727. Cleveland was the twenty-second president of the United 
States; he served from 1885 to 1889. 

728. Harrison was elected twenty- third president of the United 
States in 1888. 



98 Answers on History of the United States. 



XV. MISCELLANEOUS. 

729. Benjamin Franklin. 

730. Jonathan Edwards. 

731. Horace Greeley. 

732. The gold seekers of the Pacific coast. 

733. Harrison, Taylor, Lincoln, and Garfield. 

734. Washington, Jellersou, Madison, Monroe, Jackson, Lin- 
coln and Grant. 

735- Vermont, 1791. 

736. 1889. 

737. Ohio, Indiana, Illinois, Michigan and Wisconsin. 

738. Daniel Webster. 

739. Henry Clay. 

740. Wendell Phillips. 

741. William Lloyd Garrison. 

742. Nathaniel Hawthorne. 

743. Washington Irving. 

744. The Sketch Book. 

745. Prescott, Hildreth, and Bancroft. 

746. Horace Greeley and Willian Cullen Bryant. 

747. Horace Mann. 

748. George Peabody of Massachusetts; Stephen Girard of 
l^hiladephia; Johns Hopkins of Baltimore. 

749. Henry Clay. 

750. Henry Clay and Daniel Webster. 

751. National Independence, the Extension of Slavery and the 
Preservation of the Union. 

752. Alexander Hamilton of New York, and Salmon P. Chase 
c)l^ Ohio. 

753- Washington, Lincoln, and Garfield. 

754. James Monroe. 

755. During the Civil AVar by Napoleon III. in setting up 
Maximilian as king in Mexico. 

756. The Great Eastern. 

757. In 1704, Boston, The Boston News Letter. 

758. The District, the Circuit, and the Supreme Court. 

759. The Supreme Court. 



Miscellaneous Topics. 99 

760. A speech at the dedication of the National Cemetery, 
Gettysburg, Pennsylvania, Nov. 16, 18G3. 

761. Virginia. 

762. The battle of Gettysburg, July 1, 2, 3, 1863. 

763. Perry's victory on Lake Erie, 1813. 

764. The surrender of Burgoyuc, 1777. 

765. Great Britain, Tripoli, and Mexico. 

766. The admission of Texas. 

767. John Adams and Thomas JeHerson, July 4, 1826. 

768. February, 1848. 

769. John Quincy Adams. 

770. John Paul Jones. 

771. The capture of Richmond, the blockade of the southern 
ports and the opening of the Mississippi. 

772. The opening of the Mississippi in 1863; the blockade of 
the southern ports in 3864, the capture of Richmond in 1865. 

773. Tyler, Fillmore, Johnson, and Arthur. 

774. Adams, Jefferson, Van Bureu. 

775. In 1862 and in 1863. 

776. Autietam, Sept. 17, 1862; Gettysburg, July 1-3, 1863. 

777. John Jay, Oliver Elsworth, John Marshall, Roger B. 
Taney, Salmon P. Chase, Morrison R. Waite, Melville Fuller. 

778. In 1792 in Philadelphia. 

779. John Adams and John Quincy Adams. 

780. AVilliam Heur}- Harrison and Benjamin Harrison. 

781. The administration of Monroe. 

782. Alexander Hamilton, Secretary of the Treasury, Thomas 
Jefferson Secretary of State. 

783. Articles of confederation. 

784. Tennessee. 

785. Washington and Jefferson. 

786. Benjamin Franklin ; the name of the ship was Bon Homme 
Richard. 

787. New York. 

788. The Monitor fotmdered at sea in a storm; the Merrimac 
w^^s blown up by the Confederates. 

789. In 1863 on the day when the draft ordered by president 
Lincoln was to be made. 

790. Friday, Sept. 24, 1869, so called because certain brokers 



loo Answers on History of the United States, 

of New York city attempted to obtain coutrol of tlie market for 
gold for their owu personal advantage. 

791. The Act of Congress creating the northwest territory. 

792. All the district northwest of the Ohio was constituted the 
Northwest Territory. 

793. ItAvas constructed by the feeblest of Congresses: but few 
enactments of ancient or modern times have had more far-reach- 
ing and beneticent influence. 

794. Slavery was forever excluded from the Northwest Terri- 
tory. 

795. May 14, 1787, in Independence Hall, Philadelphia. 

796. Four months. 

797. Washington was chairman; Benjamin Franklin and Rob- 
ert Morris were members. 

798. Alexander Hamilton, and James Madison. 

799. The Articles of Confederation. 

800. It was to be adopted in each state by a convention elected 
by a vote of the people called for this especial purpose. 

801. Everywhere in conventions, in assem])lies, in town meet- 
ings, in country stores, by firesides, in newspapers and letters, 
every article was debated. 

802. A celebrated series of papers advocating the adoption of 
the Constitution. 

803. Hamilton, Madison, and John Jay. 

804. New York and Virginia. 

805. Alexander Hamilton. 

806. Virginia. 

807. 75 Post offices in 1790; 43.000 in 1880. 

808. The first cotton mill in the United States, built by Bev- 
erly, Mass., 1787. 

809. The first steamboat on the Delaware River, run by John 
Fitch, 1788. 

810. Thomas Jefferson. 

811. " Washington's fame will go on increasing until the 
brightest constellation in yonder heavens is called by liis name.'* 
— Jefferson. 

812. "Washington is dead. That great man fought against 
tyranny; he consolidated the liberties of his countr}'^. His mem- 
ory will ever be dear to the French nation," — Napoleon. 

813. " The character of Washington, in war, in peace, and iu 



Miscellaneous Topics. loi 

private life, the most sublime on historical record." — Prescott 

THE HiSTOIlIAN. 

814. " To be the tirst man {)iot the Dictator), not the sylla but 
the Washington, or Aristides, the leader in talent and truth, is to 
be next to the Divinity."— Lord Byron. 

815. " You are the only human being for whom I ever felt an 
awful revercDce." — Lord Erskine. 

816. " Of all great men he was the most virtuous and the most 
fortunate. In this world God has no higher favors to bestow." 

— GUIZOT. 

817. Alexander Hamilton, born, 1757; died, 1804. 

818. " Hamilton must be classed among the men who have 
best known the vital principles aud fundamental conditions of a 
government, " — Guizot. 

819. — The name of Hamilton would have honored Greece in 
the age of Aristides." — Fisher Ames. 

820. — " In Hamilton's death the Federalists and the country 
experienced a loss second only to that of Washington." — Hil- 

DRETII. 

821. " Next to Washington stands the name of Hamilton on 
the roll of American fame and on it demands the gratitude of 
his country." 

822. " After Washington and Franklin there is no person who 
fills so eminent a place among the great men of America as Jef- 
ferson." — Lord Brougham. 

823. " The merit of this paper is Mr. Jefferson's ... it is the 
production of his mind, and the high honor of it belongs to him 
clearly and absolutely. " — Daniel Webster. 

824. Franklin Avas born in Boston, 1706; died in Philadelphia, 
1790. 

825. Pilgrim's Progress, Plutarch's Lives, The Spectator, aud 
Cotton Mather's Essays to do Good. 

826. " This self-taught American is the most rational per- 
haps of all philosophers; he never loses sight of common sense." 
— Lord Jeffrey. 

827. " His genius ranks him with the Galileos and the Newtons 
of the Old World." — Lord Brougham. 

828. "Antiquity would have raised altars to this mighty ge- 
nius." — MiRABEAU. 

829. " The forest-born Demosthenes." — Lord Byron. 

830. "The present aud future generations will acknowledge 



I02 Answers on History of the United States, 

the justice of his claim to the proud title that has been given him 
as the greatest orator of the new world." — Everett. 

831. The battle of Quebec, 1763. 

832. Wolfe, the hero of Quebec. 

833. The scaling of the Heights of Abraham, and the death of 
both commanders. Wolfe and Montcalm. 

834. William Pitt. 

335. Ten thousand pounds annually. 

836. The change of the ministry in England. 

837. The 343 chests of tea were valued at eighteen thousand 
pounds, ninety thousand dollars. 

838. Chatham, Burke, Fox. 

839. Forty-three years old. 

840. The battle of Long Island, 1776. 

841. The battle of Brandy wine, 1777. 

842. The surrender of Burgoyne. 

843. It caused them great anxiety. 

844. The Earl of Chatham, William Pitt. 

845. The dismemberment of the Empire, the Independence of 
America. 

846. She besieged the English fortress Gibraltar for three 
years, 1779-1782. 

847. The treaty of Versailles, Jan. 20, 1783. 

848. One hundred million pounds, five hundred million dol- 
lars. 

849. The battle of Lake Erie. 

850. The invention of the telegraph. 

851. Charles C. Pinkney, Envoy to France, during Washing- 
ton's first administration; said in relation to the demand of 
France for money before the envoys should be received by that 
government. 

852. The government of France had passed into the hands of 
extreme revolutionists. 

853. Because of Napoleon's influence ? 

854. The battle of New Orleans, January 8, 1814. 

855. The Republican party, i.e., anti-Federalist, somewhat 
later the Democratic party. 

856. This was said of AYashington. 

857. Benjamin Franklin. 

858. Abraham Lincoln, in his inaugural address, Mar. 4, 1865. 



Miscellaneous Topics. 103 

859. Gen. U. S. Grant. 

860. Captain Lawrence. 

861. Captain Oliver H. Perry, after the battle of Lake Erie. 

862. The Constitution, 

863. Oliver Wendell Holmes, on the proposed demolition of 
Old Ironsides. 

864. Thic was the common expression of the South in allusion 
to her agricultural and commercial supremacy. 

865. Gen. Jackson ; see question No. 

866. Gen. James A. Garfield. 

867. Abraham Lincoln in his speech at the dedication of the 
National Cemetery at Gettysburg, Pa., Nov. 19, 1863. 

868. That this speech and John Brown's address in the court- 
house at Charleston, W. Va., 1860, mark the highest reach of 
American oratory. 

869. The period from 1789-1860. 

870. From 1865-1875. 

871. To form a more perfect union; to establish .justice; to 
insure domestic tranquillity; to provide for the common defence; 
and to promote the general welfare. 

872. The Articles of Confederation were an agreement between 
the states; the Constitution an agreement by the people. 

873. Legislative, executive, and judicial. 

874. The Senate and the House of Representatives. 

875. The Congress of the United States. 

876. Each state has its own government, and at the same time 
the people of the whole country have a government which con- 
cerns itself with the affairs of the whole nation. 

877. Albany is the capital of the State of New York; Wash- 
ington is the capital of the United States. 

878. Of two senators from each state. 

879. A senator must be thirty years of age, must have been 
for nine years a citizen of the United States, and an inhabitant of 
the state for which he was chosen. 

880. Six years. 

881. By the legislatures of the several states. 

882. One third of the whole number of senators. 

883. The governors may make temporary appointments, until 
the next meeting of the legislature, when the legislature itself 
will fill the vacancy. 



I04 Answers on History of the United States. 

884. Under the Confederation each state had but one vote ; 
under the Constitution each state was to have two votes on each 
question coming up in -the Senate. 

885. The vice-president of the United States. 

886. He shall have no vote unless the senators be equally 
divided. 

887. The Senate chooses a president pi^o tempore in the absence 
of the vice-president, or when he shall exercise the office of 
president. 

888. Probably "For want of something else to do" while 
there is a president of the United States. 

889. Four times. April 4, 1841; July 9, 1850; April 15, 1865, 
and Sept. 19, 1881. 

890. No United States officer can be a member of either house 
of Congress. 

891. Representatives are apportioned among the several states 
according to the population. 

892. A representative must be 25 years of age, 7 years a citizen 
of the United States and when elected must be an inhabitant of 
the state in which he has been chosen. 

893. They are chosen every second year. 

894. By the people of the several states. 

895. Every ten years. 

896. 1790. 

897. The power of originating impeachments and the power 
of originating bills for raising revenue belong exclusively to the 
House of Representatives. 

898. When the Electoral College fails to elect. 

899. Twice. Thomas Jefferson, 1801, and John Quincy Adams, 
1825, were elected by the House of Representatives. 

900. To ratify treaties, and to confirm nominations to office by 
the president." 

901. When the Electoral College fail to elect a vice-president. 

902. The Chief Justice of the United States. 

903. An oath or affirmation to support the Constitution of the 
United States. 

^ 904. To collect taxes ; to borrow money ; to dispose of the ter- 
ritory or other property belonging to the United States ; to pay 
the debts of the United States ; to provide for the common defence 
and general welfare of the United States. 



Miscellaneous Topics. 105 

905. Congress lias power to regulate commerce : 1. with for- 
eign nations; 2. among its several states; 3. among Indian tribes. 

906. The United States only can coin money. 

907. The national government only. 

908. It gives Congress the right to secure to authors and in- 
ventors the exclusive right to their respective writings and in- 
ventions. 

909. Such right belongs to the national government exclu- 
sively. 

910. To make all necessary and proper laws for carrying the 
Constitution into effect. 

911. In Iceland, 861; In America, 1000, a.d. 

912. About 1400, A.D. 

913. 1440-1450. 

914. 1344-1419-1445. 

915. Vasco de Gama rounded Cape of Good Hope ; John 
Cabot visited the coast of North America. 

916. 1507. 

917. Magellan, 1519-1523 ; Sir Francis Drake, 1577-1580. 

918. Their persecution in France. 

919. 1518-1521. 

920. St. Augustine, 1565; Santa Fe, 1583. 

921. From 1608 Champlain's founding of Quebec to 1763, the 
close of the French and Indian war. 

922. Boston, 1629; New York, 1613; Philadelphia, 1682; 
Baltimore, 1729. 

923. Exploration of the Hudson River, 1609; trading post 
established on Manhattan Island, 1614; Capture of Crown Point 
and Ticonderoga, 1775; Battle of Long Island, 1776; Surrender 
of Burgoyne, 1777; Inauguration of Washington, 1789. 

924. First Dutch settlement at Bergen, 1620; Battle of Tren- 
ton, Dec. 25, 1776; Battle of Princeton, Jan. 3, 1777; Battle of 
Monmouth, June 28, 1778. 

925. Exploration of Delaware Bay by Henry Hudson, 1609; 
first permanent settlement by the Swedes at Chester, 1638; Phil- 
adelphia founded, 1682; Capture of Fort Duquesne by the Eng- 
lish, 1758; Massacre of Wyoming, 1778; Declaration of Inde- 
pendence, 1776; Capture of Philadelphia by the British, 1777; 
Battle of Gettysburg, 1863. 

926. Settlement by the Roman Catholics, 1634; founding of 



io6 Answers on History of the United States. 

Baltimore, 1729; Washington resigns his commission at Annap- 
olis, 1783; Battle of Antietam, 1862. 

927. The site for the capital selected, 1791; Washington at- 
tacked by the British, 1812; Slavery abolished, 1862. 

928. Founding of Jamestown, 1607; cultivation of tobacco, 
begun 1610; slavery Urst introduced, 1620; Virginia leads Uie 
protest against the Stamp Act, 1765; surrender of Cornwallis, 
1781; surrender of Lee, 1865. 

929. Hudson River, he called the North River; the Delaware, 
he called the South River. 

930. Virginia; the surrender of Cornwallis, and surrender of 
Lee. 

931. In Philadelphia, 1876. It commemorated the founding 
of the national government. 

932. The presidential election of 1876. 

933. The Sioux Indians went to their reservation in 1876; the 
discovery of gold caused trouble between the Indians and white. 
Before the trouble was ended Gen. Custer and 300 of the 7th 
Cavalry were killed. 

934. Gen. U. S. Grant, and Gen. George B. McClellan. 

935. The bombardment of Fort Sumter, April 12, 1861. 

936. Washington Irving. 

937. Dr. Kane. 

938. The development of the Colonies. 

939. The development of the States. 

940. The period of Reconstruction. 

941. The development of the Colonies. 

942. Louisburg. 

943. Cape Breton Island. 

944. During King George's War, 1744-1748. 

945. The French and English, from 1754-1763. 

946. William Pitt, Prime Minister of England. 

947. Fort Du Quesne. 

948. The colonists spent sixteen millions of dollars. England 
repaid five millions. 

949. Washington, Gates, Montgomer}', Stark, Arnold, Mor- 
gan and Putnam, all learned the art of war in the French and 
Indian War. 

950. In 1639 at Cambridge, Mass. 

951. The Duke of York. 



Miscellaneous Topics, 107 

952. Charles II. 

953. (fcorge Carteret, Governor of tlie Islaufl of Jersey. 

954. Lord Delaware. 

955. Louis XIV. 

956. Elizabeth, the Virgin Queen. 

957. Queen Henrietta Maria. 

958. George II. 

959. Peun's Woods. 

960. Long River. 

961. The place of great hills. 

962. Green Mountain. 

963. Dark and bloody ground. 

964. Beautiful River. 

965. Great father of waters. 

966. Blooming. 

967. Holy Saviour. 

968. The true cross. 

969. Henry Clay. 

970. Thomas Jefferson. 

971. Princeton College. 

972. At Cambridge, Mass. By John Harvard. 

973. Harvard, Yale, Brown-Dartmouth. 

974. Princeton, Columbia, Rutgers. 

975. William and Mary ; Hampden-Sidney. 

976. Ann Arbor. 

977. Cornell University at Ithaca. ' 

978. Johns Hopkins. 

979. Tulane University. 

980. Horace Mann, Louis Agassiz, Elizabeth Peabod}^ Mark 
Hopkins, Francis Parker, John H. Vincent. 

981. Boston, 

982. Boston and New York. 

983. Hawthorne, Emerson, Longfellow, Whittier, Lowell, 
Holmes. 

984. Irving, N. P. Willis, Drake, Halleck, and Bryant. 

985. Edgar Allen Poe; J.G.Holland; Oliver Wendell Holmes; 
J. G. Whittier. 

986. The Brooklyn Bridge, and the Statue of Liberty Enlight- 
ening the World. 



io8 Answers on History of the United States, 

987. De Tocqucville. 

988. Biyce. 

989. James Russell Lowell, in honor of the graduates of Har- 
vard College, who perished in the civil war. 

990. Jonathan Edwards, Benjamin Franklin. 

991. For his great tales of Indian life. 

992. Washington Irving. 

993. Nathaniel Hawthorne, " Scarlet Letter." 

994. Motley and Prescott. 

995. Alexander H. Stephens, Horace Greeley, John W. 
Draper. 

996. Henry Wilson. 

997. The Atlantic Magazine, Harper's Monthly, The Century, 
Scribner, North American Review, The Forum. 

998. Bayard Taylor. 

999. George Ticknor Curtis. 

1000. George Bancroft. 



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" Secm-iug and Retaining At- 
tention. 
Southwick's Quiz Manual of the The- 
ory and Practice of Teaching. 
Fitch's Art of Questioning. 

" " " Securing Attention. 

Quick's How to Train the Memory. 

Yonge's Practical Work in School. 

Methods of Teaching. 

Calkins' Ear and Voice Training. 
Dewey's How to 'IVach Manners. 
Johtison's Education by Doing. 
Partridge's Quincy Mctliods. 
Shaw and Donnell's School Devices. 

Seeley's Grube Method of Teaching 
Arithmetic. 

WoodhuU's Easy Experiments in Sci- 
ence. 

Gladstone's Object Teaching, 



School Management. 

Kellogg's School MaHagement. 
Hughes' How to Keep Order. 
Sidgwick's Stinmlus in School. 
Primary Education {See Kin- 
dergarten). 
Currie's Early Education. 
Parker's Talks on Teaching. 
Partridge's Quincv Methods. 
Perez's First Three Years of Cliild- 

hood. 
Calkins' Ear and Voice Training. 
Gladstone's Object Teaching. 
Johnson's Education by Doing. 
Seeley's Grube Method of Teaching 

xVrithmetic. 

School Hygiene. 
Groflf's School Hygiene. 
Kindergarten Education. 
Autobiography of Froebel. 
Hoffmann's Kindergarten Gifts. 

History of Education. 

Browning's Educational Theories. 

Manual Training. 
Love's Industrial Education. 
Leland's Practical Education. 
Butler's Argument for Manual Train- 
ing. 

Question Books for 
Teachers. 
Shaw's Natural Question Book. 
Southwick's Quiz Manual of the The- 
ory and Practice of Teaching. 
Southwick's Handy Helps. 

Singing and Dialogue 
Books. 
Song Treasures. 
Reception Day Series (6 Nos.). 

Miscellaneous. 
Gardner's Town and Country School 

Buildings. 
Wilhelm's Student's Calendar. 
Pooler's N. Y. School Law. 
Lubboi'k's Best 100 Books. 
Allen's Temperament in Education. 
Fitch's Improvemeut in Teaching. 



teachers, 40 ceutB ; by mail, 



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Aliens Mind Studies for Young Teac h- 

ERS. By Jerome Allen, Ph.D.. Associate Editor of the 
School Journal, Prof, of Pedagogy, Univ. of City of 
]Sf. Y. 16mo, large, clear type, 128 pp. Cloth, 50 cents ; to 
"5 cents extra. 

There are many teachers who 
know little about psychology, 
and who desire to be better in- 
formed concerning its princi- 
jiles. especially its relation to the 
work of teaching. For the aid 
of such, this book has been pre- 
pared. But it is not a psychol- 
ogy — only an introduction to it, 
aiming to give some funda- 
mental principles, together with 
s(jmething concerning the phi- 
losophy of education. Its meth- 
od is subjective rather than ob- 
jective, leading the student to 
A\atch mental processes, and 
draw his own conclusions, ll 
is written in language easy to 
be comprehended, and has many 
Jerome Allen, PhD.As^oeiate Editor Pi-'^ctical illustrations It will 
of tlie Journal and Institute. aid the teacher HI his daily work 
in dealing with mental facts and states. 

To most teachers psychology seems to be dry. This book shows 
how it may become the most interesting of all studies. It also 
shows how to begin the knowledge of self. " We cannot know 
in others what we do not first know in ourselves." Tliis is the 
key-note of this book. Students of elementary psychology will 
appreciate this feature of " Mind Studies." 
ITS CONTENTS. 

CHAP. 

I. How to Study Mind. 
II. Some Facts in Mind Growth, 
in. Development. 
IV. Mind Incentives. 
V. A few Fundamental Principles 

Settled. 
VI. Temperaments. 

VII. Training of the Senses, 

VIII. Attention. 
IX. Perception. 

X. Abstraction. 

XI. Faculties used in Abstract 
Thinking, 




CHAP. 

XII. From the Subjective to the 
Conoeptive. 

XIII. The Will. 

XIV. Diseases of the Will. 
XV. Kinds of :\lemory. 

XVL The Sensibilities. 
XVII. Relation of the Sensibilities 

to the Will. 
XVIII. Training? of the Sensibilities. 
XIX. Relation of the Sensibilities 
to Morality. 
XX. The Imagination. 
XXI. Imagrination in its Maturity. 
XXJi. Education of the Moral Sens^. 



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Brownings Educational Theories. 

By Oscar Bkowning, M.A., of King's College, Cambridge, 

Eng. No, 8 of Reading Circle Libi'ary Series. Cloth, 16mo, 

237 pp. Price, 50 cents; to teachers, 40 cents; by mail, 5 

cents extra. 

This Avork has been before the public some time, and for a 

general sketch of the History of Education it has no superior. 

Our edition contains several new features, making it specially 

valuable as a text-book for Normal Schools, Teachers' Classes, 

Reading Circles, Teachers' Institutes, etc., as well as the student 

of education. These new features are: (1) Side-heads giving the 

subject of each paragraph; (2) each chapter is followed b}^ an 

analysis; (3) a very full iieio index; (4) also an appendix on 

*' Froebel," and the " American Common School." 

OUTLINE OF CONTENTS. 

I. Education among the Greeks — Music and Gymnastic Theo- 
ries of Plato and Aristotle; II. Roman Education — Oratory; HI. 
Humanistic Education; IV. The Realists — Ratich and Comenius; 
V. The Naturalists — Rabelais and Montaigne; VI. English 
Humorists and Realists— Roger Ascham and John Milton; VII. 
Locke; VIII. Jesuits and Janseuists ; IX. Rousseau; X. Pes- 
talozzi; XI. Kant, Fichte, and Hcrbart; XII. The English Pub- 
lic School ; XIII. Froebel ; XIV. The American Common 
School. 

PRESS NOTICES. 

Ed. Courant. — " This editiou surpasses others in its adaptability to gen- 
eral use." 

Col. School Journal.— "Can be used as a text-book in the History ot 
Edneation." 

Pa. Ed. News.—" A volume that can be used as a text-book on the His- 
toiy of E(luc;ition." 

School Education, Minn.—" Beprinnin.c: with the Greeks, the autlior pre- 
sents a brief l)iit clear outline of the leading educational theories down to 
the prt'si-nt time." 

Ed Keview, Can.— "A book like this, introducing the teacher to the great 
minds tliat have worked in the same field, cannot but be a powerful stimulus 
to him in his work." 



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Curries Early Education, 

"■ The Principles and Practice of Early and Infant School 
Education." By James Cuerie, A. M., Prin. Chiu-ch of 
Scotland Training College, Edinburgh. Author of 
*' Common School Education," etc. With an introduction 
by Clarence E. Meleney, A. M., Supt. Schools, Paterson, 
N. J. Bound in blue cloth, gold, 16mo, 290 pp. Price, 
$1.25 ; to teachers, $i oo ; by mail, 8 cents extra. 

WHY THIS BOOK IS VALUABLE. 

1. Pestalozzi gave New England its educational supremacy. 
The Pestalozzian wave struck this country more than forty 

years ago, and produced a mighty shock. It set New Eng- 
land to thinking. Horace Mann, became eloquent to help on 
the change, and went up and down Massachusetts, urging in 
eai'nest tones the change proposed by the Swiss educator. 
What gave New England its educational supremacy was its 
reception of Pestalozzi's doctrines. Page, Philbrick, Barnard 
were all his disciples. 

2. It is the work of one of the best expoimders of Pes- 
talozzi. 

Forty years ago there was an upheaval in education. Pes- 
talozzi's words were acting like yeast upon educators ; thou- 
sands had been to visit liis schools at Yverdun, and on their 
return to their own lands had reported the wonderful scenes 
they had witnessed. Rev. James Currie comprehended the 
movement, and sought to introduce it. Grasping the ideas of 
this great teacher, he spread them in Scotland ; but that 
country was not elastic and receptive. Still, Mr. Currie's 
presentation of them wrought a great change, and he is to be 
reckoned as the most powerful exponent of the new ideas in 
Scotland. Hence this book, which contains them, must be 
considered as a treasure by the educator. 

3. This volume is really a Manual of Principles of Teaching. 
It exhibits enough of the principles to make the teacher 

intelligent in her practice. Most manuals give details, but no 
foundation principles. The first part lays a psychological 
basis — the only one there is for the teacher ; and this is done 
in a simple and concise way. He declares emphatically that 
teacliing cannot be learned empirically. That is, that one can- 
not watch a teacher and see how he does it, and tlien, imitat- 
ing, claim to be a teacher. The principles must be learne(i. 

4. It is 9, Manual of Prg^jtice .in Teaching. 



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Dewefs Haw to Teach Manners in the 

School-Room. By Mrs. Julia M. Dewey, Principal of the 
Normal School at Lowell, Mass., formerly Supt. of Schools 
at Hoosick Falls, N. Y. Cloth, 16mo, 104 pp. Price, 50 
ceuts; to teachers, 40 cents; by mail, 5 cents exti"a. 
Many teachers consider the manners of a pupil of little impor- 
tance so long as he is industrious. But the boys and girls are to 
be fathers and mothers; some of the boys will stand in places of 
importance as professional men, and they will carry the mark of 
ill-breeding all their lives. Manners can be taught in the school- 
room: they render the school-room more attractive; they banish 
tendencies to misbehavior. In this volume Mrs. Dewey has shown 
how manners can be taught. The method is to present some fact 
of deportment, and then lead the children to discuss its bearings; 
thus they learn why good manners are to be learned and practised. 
The printing and binding are exceedingly neat and attractive." 

OUTLINE OF CONTENTS. 

Table Mauuers— First Two Years. 
" " Second " 



Lessons on Manners fou Advanced 

Pupils. 
Manners in Scliool. 
Personal Habits. 
Manners in Public. 
Table Manners. 
Manners iu Society. 
Miscellaneous Items. 
Practical Training in Manners. 
Suggestive Stories, Fables, Anec- 
dotes, and Poems. 
Memory Gems. 



Introduction. 

General Directions. 

Special Directions to Teachers. 

Lessons on Manners for Youngest 

Pupils. 
Lessons on Manners — Second Two 

Years. 
Manners in School— First Two Years. 

" " Second " 

Manners at Home— First " 

" " Second *' 

Manners in Public— First " 

" Second " 

Central Scliool -Journal.— "it furnishes illustrative lessons." 
Texas School Journal.—" They (the pupils) will carry the mark of ill- 
breeding all their lives (unless taught otherwise)." 

Pacific Ed. Journal.—" Principles are enforced by anecdote and conver- 
sation." 
Teacher's Exponent,— " We believe such a book will be very welcome." 
National Educator.— " CJommon-sense suggestions." 
Ollio Ed. MontMy.— " Teachers would do Vvcll to get it." 
Nebraska Teacher.—" Many teachers consider manners of little im- 
poi taiic. hut some of the boys will stand in places of imjiortance." 
School Educator. — "The spirit of the author is commendable." 
School Herald.—" These lessons are full of suggestions." 
Va. School Journal.— "Lessons furnished in a delightful style." 
Miss. Teacher.— " Tlie best piesentation we have seen." 
Ed. Courant.— " It is simple, straight forwaid. and plain." 
Iowa Normal Monthly.—" Practical and well-arranged lessons on man- 
ners." 

Progressive Educator.—" Will prove to be most helpful to the teacheF 
who desires her pupils to be well-manuer<;U," 



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14 E. L. KELLOGG & CO., NEW YORK & CHICAGO. 

FitcFs Lectures on Teaching. 

Lectures on Teaching. By J. G. Fitch, M.A., one of Her 
Majesty's Inspectors of Schools. England. Cloth, 16mo, 
395 pp. Price, $1.35 ; to teachers, $1 .00 ; by mail, postpaid. 

Mr. Fitch takes as his topic the application of principles to 
the art of teaching in schools. Here are no vague and gen- 
eral propositions, but on every page we find the problems of 
the school-room discussed with definiteness of mental grip. 
No one who has read a single lecture by this eminent man 
but will desire to read another. The book is full of sugges- 
tions that lead to increased power. 

1 . These lectures are highly prized in England. 

2. There is a valuable preface by Thos. Hunter, President 
of N. Y. City Normal College. 

3. The volume has been at once adopted by several State 
Reading Circles. 

EXTRACT FROM AMERICAN PREFACE. 
" Teachers everywhere among English-speaking' people have hailed 
Mr, Fitch's work as an invaluable aid for almost every kind of instruc- 
tion and school organization. It combines the theoretical and tTie prac- 
tical ; it is based on psychology ; it gives admirable advice on every- 
thing connected with teaching— from the furnishing of a school-room 
to the preparation of questions for examination. Its style is singularlj' 
clear, vigorous and harmonious." 

Chicago Intelligence.— " All of its discussions are based on sound 
psychological principles and give admirable advice." 

Virginia Educational Journal.— "He tells what he thinks so as to 
be helpful to all who are striving to im.prove." 

Lynn Evening Item.—" He gives admirable advice." 

Philadelphia Record.—" It is not easy to imagine a more useful vol- 
ume." 

Wilmington Every Evening.—" The teacher will find in it a wealth 
of help and suggestion." 

Brooklyn Journal.—" His conception of the teacher is a worthy ideal 
for all to bear in mind." 

New England Journal of Education : " This is eminently the work ot 
a man of wisdom and experience. He takes a bi'oad and comprehensive 
view of the work of the teacher, and liis suggestions on all topics are 
worthy of the most careful consideration." 

Brooklyn Eagle: "An invaluable aid for almost every kind of in- 
struction and school organization. It combines the theoretical and tlie 
practical ; it is based on psychology ; it gives admirable advice on every- 
thing connected with teaching, from th{ furnishing of a school-room to 
the preparation of questions for examination." 

Toledo Blade : " It is safe to say, no teacher can lay claim to being 
well informed who has not read this admirable work. TtK appreciation 
is shown by its adoption by several State Teachers' liending Circles, ^ 
% work to be thoroughly read by its mepibers," 



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Gardner s Town and Country School 

Buildings. A collection of plans and designs for schools of 
various sizes, graded and ungraded, with descriptions of con- 
struction, of sanitary arrangements, light, heat, and ventila- 
tion. By E. C. Gardner, architect, author of " The House 
that Jill Built," etc. Cloth, small quarto, 150 pp. Price, 
$2.50; to teachers, $2.00; by mail, 12 cents extra. Illustrated 
with nearly 150 engravings. 




TWO-ROOM COUNTRY SCHOOL-HOUSE. 

This is undoubtedly the most important work ever 
issued on this subject. 

It is plain that in the revival of education that is apparently 
begun thei'e are to be better buildings erected for educational 
purposes. The unsightly, inconvenient, badly-lighted, unventi- 
lated and ugly structures are to give way to those that are con- 
venient and elegant. The author is an earnest advocate of im- 
proved methods of education, and feels that suitable buildings 
will bear an important part in the movement. 

POINTS OF THE WORK. 

1. It is not a book that presents places for houses that will 
simply cost more money — let that be borne in mind. It is a book 
that shows how to spend money so as to get the value of the 
money. 

2 Better buildings are sure to be erected — this canuot be 
stopped; the people are feeling the importance of education as 
they never did Ix^fore. They will express tl.u-ir feeling by erect- 
ing better buildings. How shall they be guided iu liiis ijood 
eft'ort? This book is the auswer 



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Hughes' Oliisfakes in Teacbino', 

By James J. Hughes, Inspector of Schools, Toronto, Canada. 
Cloth, IGmo, 115 pp. Price, 50 cents; to teachers, 40 cents; 
by mail, 5 cents extra. 

Thousands of copies of the old 
edition have been sold. The new 
edition is worth double the old; 
the material has been increased, 
restated, and greatly improved. 
Two new and important Chapters 
have been added on ''Mistakes in 
Aims," and "Mistakes in Moral 
Training." Mr. Hughes says in hia 
preface: "In issuing a revised edi- 
tion of this book, it seems titting to 
acknowledge gratefully the hearty 
appreciation that has been accorded 
it by American teachers. Realiz- 
ing as I do that its very large sale 
indicates that it has been of service 
J'X to many of my fellow-teachers, I 
? ^ have recognized the duty of enlarg- 
ing and revising it so as to make it 
still more helpful in preventing 
James L Hi;ghes. Inspector of the common mistakes in teaching 
Schools, loronto, Canada. ^^^^^ training. " 

This is one of the six books recommended by the K Y. State 
Department to teachers preparing for examination for State cer> 
tilicates. 

CAUTION. 

Our new authorized copyright edition, entirely rewritten hy 
the author, is the only one to buy. It is beautifully printed and 
Itandsomely hound. Get no other. 

CONTENTS OF OUR NEW EDITION. 

Chap. I. 7 Mistakes in Aim. 
Chap. II. 21 Mistakes in School Management. 
Chap. III. 24 Mistakes in Discipline. 
Chap. IV. 27 Mistakes in Method. 
Chap. V. 13 Mistakes in Moral Training. 
Chaps. I. and V. are entirely new. 




::=u>- 



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E. L. KELLOGG & CO.. NEW YORK & CHICAGO, 21 

Johnsons Hdiication by 'Do ing. 

Education by Doing : A Book of Educative Occupations for 
Children in School. By Anna Johnson, teacher to the 
Children's Aid Schools of New York City. With a prefatory 
note by Edward K. Shaw, of the High School of Yonkers, 
N. Y. Handsome red cloth, gilt stamp. Price, 75 cents ; 
to teachers, 60 cents ; by mail, 5 cents extra. 

Thousands of teachers are asking the question: *'How can 1 
keep my pupils profitably occupied?" This book answers 
the question. Theories are omitted. Every lino is full of in- 
struction. 

1. Arithmetic is taught with blocks, beads, toy-money, etc. 

2. The tables are taught by clock dials, weights, etc. 

3. Form is taught by blocks. 

4. Lines with sticks. 

5. Language with pictures. 

6. Occupations are given. 

7. Everything is plain and practical. 

EXTRACT FROM PREFATORY NOTE. 

"In observing the results achieved by the Kiuclergarteii, educators havo 
felt that Frccbel's great discovery of education by occupations must have 
Bomethinjr for .the public schools— that a further application of the 'pu^ 
ting of experience and action in the place of books and abstract thinking, 
could be mado beyond the fifth or sixth year of the child's life. Thi.^ 
book is an outgrowth of this idea, conceived in *the spirit of the 'New 
Education.' 

'It will be widely welcomed, we believe, as it gives concrete method/i 
of work — the very aids primary teachers are in search of. There has beeii 
a wide discussion of the subject of education, and there exists no liitL 
confusion in the mind of many a teacher as to how he should improve 
upon methods that have been condemned." 

Etipt. J. "W. Skinner, Children's Aid Schools, says :—" It is highly a?p)« 

ciaied by our teachers. It supplies a want felt by all." 
Toledo Pilade. — "The need of this book has been felt by teachers." 
Cchool Education-- '"Contains a great many fruitful suggestions." 
Christian Advance- — " The method is certainly philosophical." 
Va. Ed. Journal. — " The book is an outgrowth of Froebel's idea." 
Philadelphia Teacher. — " The book is full of practical information." 
Iowa Teacher. — "Kellogg's books are all good, but this is the best fot 

teachers." 
The Educationist- — " Wo regard it as very valuable." 
School Bulletin.—" We think well of this book." 
Chicago Intelligence. — " Will be found a very serviceable book." 



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22 K L. KELLOGG & CO., NEW YORK & CHICAGO, 

Kellogg s School 0\4anagement : 

"■ A Practical Guide for the Teacher in the School-Room." 

By Amos M. Kellogg, A.M. Sixth edition. Revised and 

enlarged. Cloth, 128 pp. Price, 75 cents ; to teachers, 60 

cents ; by mail, 5 cents extra. 

This book takes up the most difficult of all school work, 

viz. : the Government of a school, and is filled with original 

and practical ideas on the subject. It is invaluable to the 

teacher who desires to make his school a " well-governed " 

school. 

1. It suggests methods of awakening an interest in the 
studies, and in school work. "The problem for the teacher," 
says Joseph Payne, " is to get the pupil to study." If he can do 
this he will be educated. 

2. It suggests methods of making the school attractive. 
Ninety-nine hundredths of the teachers think young people 
should come to school anyhow ; the wise ones know that a 
pupil who wants to come to school will do something when 
he gets there, and so make the school attractive. 

3. Above all it shows that the pupils will be self -governed 
when well governed. It shows how to develop the process of 
self-government. 

4. It shows how regular attention and courteous behaviour 
may be secured. 

5. It has an admirable preface by that remarkable man and 
teacher. Dr. Thomas Hunter, Pres. N. Y. City Normal College. 

Home and School.—" Is just the book for every teacher who wishes 
to be a better teacher." 

Educational Journal.— "It contains many valuable hints." 

Boston Journal of Education. — "It is the most humane, instructive, 
original educational work we have read in many a day." 

Wis. Journal of Education.— " Commends itself at once by the num- 
ber of ingenious devices for securing order, industry, and interest. 

Iowa Central School Journal.—" Teachers will find it a helpful and 
suggestive book." 

Canada Educational Monthly.—" Valuable advice and useful sugges- 
tions." 

Normal Teacher.—" The author believes the way to manage is to civ- 
ilize, cultivate, and refine." 

School Moderator.—" Contains a large amount of valuable reading ; 
school government is admirably presented." 

Progressive Teacher.— " Should occupy an honored place in every 
teacher's library." 

Ed. Courant.— " It will help the teacher greatly.' 

Va. Ed. Journal.—" The autjipr ^Oiwa from a large experience." 



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Vaynes Lectures on the Science and 

Art of Education. Reading Circle Edition. By Joseph 
Payne, tlie first Professor of the Science and Art of Edu- 
cation in the College of Preceptors, London, England. 
With portrait. 16mo, 350 pp., English cloth, with gold 
back stamp. Price, $1.00 ; to teachers, 80 cents ; by mail, 
7 cents extra. Elegant new edition from new x>lates. 

Teachers who are seeking t<i 
know the principles of education 
will find them clearly set forth in 
this volume. It must be remem- 
bered that principles are the basis 
upon wliich all methods of teach- 
ing must be founded. So valu- 
able is this book that if a teacher 
were to decide to own but three 
works on education, this would 
be one of them. Tliis edition 
contains all of Mr. Payne's writ- 
ings that are in any other Ameri- 
can abridged edition, and is the 
only one loith his portrait. It is 
far superior to any other edition 
published. 
Joseph Payne. 

WHY THIS EDITION IS THE BEST. 
(1.) The side-titles. These give the contents of tiie page. 
(2.) The analysis of each lecture, with reference to the educa- 
tional points in it. (3.) The general analysis pointing out the 
three great principles found at the beginning. (4.) The index, 
where, under such heads as Teaching, Education, The Cliild, 
the important utterances of Mr. Payne are set forth. (5.) 
Its handy shape, large type, fine paper, and press-work and 
tasteful binding. All of these features make this a most val- 
uable book. To obtain all these features in one edition, it 
was found necessary to get out this new edition. 

Ohio Educational Monthly.— "It does not deal with shadowy theories; 
it is intODselv practical." 

^Philadelphia Educational News.—" Ought to be in library of every 
pro.urressi ve teaciher. ' ' 

Educational Courant.— " To know how to teach, more if^ needed than 
a knowledge of the braiiches taught. This is especially vaiuable." 

Pennsylvania Journal of Education.— "Will be of practical value te 
Normal Schools and Institute 




SKND ALL ORDtBRS tO 

E. L. KELLOGG & CO., NEW YORK cfc CHICAGO. 29 

The Practical Teacher, , 

Writings of Francis W. Parker, Principal of Cook Co. 

Norinal School, 111., and other educators, among which is 

Joseph Payne's Visit to German Schools, etc. 188 large 

8vo pages, 7Kxl0i^ inches. Cloth. Price, |1.50; to 

teachers, $1.20 ; by mail, 14 cents extra. New edition in 

paper cover. Price, 75 cents ; to teachers, 60 cents ; by 

mail, 8 cents extra. 

These articles contain many things that the readers of the 

" Talks on Teaching" desired light upon. The space occupied 

enabled Col. Parker to state himself at the length needed for 

clearness. There is really here, from his pen (taking out the 

writings of others) a volume of 830 pages, each page about the 

size of those in " Talks on Teaching." 

1. The writings in this volume are rnainly those of Col. F. 
W. Parker, Principal of the Cook County Normal School. 

2. Like the " Talks on Teaching" so famous, they deal with 
the principles and practice of teaching. 

3. Those who own the " Talks" will want the further ideas 
from Col. Parker. 

4. There are many things in this volume written in reply to 
inquiries suggested in " Talks." 

5. There is here really 750 pages of the size of those in 
" Talks." " Talks " sells for $1.00. This for $1.20 and 14 cents 
for postage. 

6. Minute suggestions are made pertaining to Reading, 
Questions, Geography, Numbers, History, Psychology, Peda- 
gogics, Clay Modeling, Form, Color, etc. 

7. Joseph Payne's visit to the German schools is given in 
full ; everything from his pen is valuable. 

8. The whole book has the breeze that is blowing from the 
New Education ideas ; it is filled with Col. Parker's spirit. 

PARTIAL LIST OF CONTENTS- 

Beginning's. Reading— laws and principles ; Ruling Slates ; Number 
and Arithmetic; Geography: Moulding; History; Psychology; Peda- 
gogics; Examinations; Elocution; Questioning on Pictures; on Flow- 
ers ; on Leaves ; Rules in Language ; Answers to questions respecting 
the Spelling-Book ; List of Children's Books on History ; The Child's 
Voice; Ideas before Words; Description of Pictures; Teaching of 1; 
of 2; of 3; of 4; etc. ; Form and Color; Breathing Exercises; Paper 
Folding ; verbatim report of lessons given in Cook Co. Normal School. 
Busy Work; Answers to Questions in Arithmetic, etc.; Why teachers 
drag out a monotonous existence ; Teaching of language to children ; 
Supplementary Reading— list of books ; Structural Geography; Letters 
from Germany ; Hand and Eye Training ; Clay Modeling ; List of Edu- 
cational Works ; Joseph Payne'^visit to German Schools, etc., etc. 



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7-atridges " Qiiincy OVlethodsy 

The " Quincy Methods," illustrated ; Pen photographs from 
the Quincy schools. By Lelia E. Patridge. Illustrated 
with a number of engravings, and two colored jjlates. 
Blue cloth, gilt, 13mo, 686 pp. Price, $1.75 ; to teachers, 
$1.40 ; by mail, 13 cents extra. 
"When the schools of Quincy, Mass., became so famous 
under the superintendence of Col. Francis W. Parker, thou- 
sands of teachers visited them. Quincy became a sort of 
'* educational Mecca," to the disgust of the routinists, whose 
schools were passed by. Those who went to study the 
methods pursued there were called on to tell what they had 
seen. Miss Patridge was one of those who visited the schools 
of Quincy ; in the Pennsylvania Institutes (many of which 
she conducted), she found the teachers were never tired of 
being told how thin^^s were done in Quincy. She revisited 
the schools several tunes, and wrote down what she saw ; then 
the book was made. 

1. This book presents the actual practice in the schools of 
Quincy. It is composed of " pen photographs." 

2. It gives abundant reasons for the great stir produced by 
the two words " Quincy Methods." There are reasons for the 
discussion that has been going on among the teachers of late 
years. 

3. It gives an insight to principles underlying real educa- 
tion as distinguished from book learning. 

4. It shows the teacher not only what to do, but gives the 
way in which to do it. 

5. It impresses one with the spirit of the Quincy schools. 

6. It shows the teacher how to create an atmosphere of hap- 
piness, of busy work, and of progress. 

7. It shows the teacher how not to waste her time in worry 
ing over disorder. 

8. It tells how to treat pupils with courtesy, and get cour- 
tesy back again. 

9. It presents four years of work, considering Number, 
Color, Direction, Dimension, Botany, Minerals, Form, Lan- 
guage, Writing, Pictures, Modelling, Drawing, Singing, 
Geography, Zoology, etc. , etc. 

10. There are 6b6 pages; a large book devoted to the realities 
of school life, in realistic descriptive language. It is plain, 
real, not abstruse and uninteresting. 

11. It gives an insight into real education, the education 
urged by Pestalozzi, Froebel| Ma.nnt.Page, Parker, etc. 



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32 E. L. KBLLOOO & CO., NEW YORK & CHICAGO. 

Tere(s First Three Years of Childhood, 

An Exhaustive Study of the Psychology of CniuDREN. By 
Beknakd Perez. Edited and translated by Alice M. Christie, 
translator of " Child and Child Nature," with an introduction by 
James Sully, M.A,, author of "Outlines of Psychology," etc. 
12mo, cloth, 324 pp. Price, $1.50 ; to teachers, $1.20 ; by mail, 10 
cents extra. 
This is a comprehensive treatise on the psychology of childhood, and 
is a practical study of the human mind, not full formed and equipped 
with knowledge, but as nearly as possible, ab origlne — before habit, 
environment, and education have asserted their sway and made their 
permanent modifications. The writer looks into all the phases of child 
activity. He treats exhaustively, and in bright Gallic style, of sensa- 
tions, instincts, sentiments, intellectual tendencies, the will, the facul- 
ties of assthetic and moral senses of young children. He shows how 
ideas of truth and falsehood arise in little minds, how natural is imita- 
tion and how deep is credulity. He illustrates the development of im- 
agination and the elaboration of new concepts through judgment, 
abstraction, reasoning, and other mental methods. It is a book that 
has been long wanted by all who are engaged in teaching, and especially 
by all who have to do with the education and training "of children. 

This edition has a new index of special value, and the book is care- 
fully printed and elegantly and durably bound. Be sm-e to get our 
standard edition. 

OUTLINE OF CONTENTS. 



chap. 

I. Faculties of Infant before Birth 
—First Impression of New- 
born Child. 
II. Motor Activity at the Begin- 
uinj? of Life— at Six Months — 
—at Fifteen Months. 

III. Instinctive and Emotional Sen- 

sations—First Perceptions. 

IV. General and Special Instincts. 
V. The Sentiments. 

VI. Intellectnal Tendencies — Ver- 

acitv— Imitation— Credulity. 
VII. The Will. 

VIII. Faculties of Intellectual Acqui- 
sition and Retention— Atten- 
tion — Memory. 

Col. Francis W. Parker, Principal Cook Connty Normal and Training 
School, Chicago, says:— "I am glad to see that you have published Perez's 
wonderful work upon childhood. I shall do all lean to get everybody to read 
it. It is a grand work." 

John Bascom, Pres. Univ. of Wisconsin, says:— "A work of marked 
interest." 

G. Stanley Hall, Professor of Psychology and Pedagogy, Johns Hopkins 
Univ., says: — "I esteem the work a very valuable one for primary and kin- 
dergarten teachers, and for all interested in the psychology of childhood." 

And many other strong comviendations. 



CHAP. 

IX. Association of Psychical States 
- Association — imagination. 
X. Elaboration of Ideas— Judg- 
ment — Abstraction — Com- 
parison — Generalization — 
Reasoning— Errors and Allu- 
sions—Errors and Allusions 
Owing to Moral Causes. 
XI. Expression and Language. 
XII. Esthetic Senses — Musical 
Sense — Sense of Material 
Beauty — Constructive In- 
stinct — Dramatic Instinct. 
XIII. Personalty — Reflection— Moral 
Sense. 



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E. X. KELLOOO & CO., NEW YORK & CHICAGO. 33 



KECEPTloW 



Reception Day. 6 [t^os. 

A collection of fresh and original dialogues, recitations, decla- 
mations, and short pieces for practical use in Public and 
Private Schools. Round in handsome new paper cover, 160 
pages each, printed on laid paper. Price, 80 cents cacli; t& 
teachers, 24 cents; by mail, 3 cents extra. 
The exercises in these books bear upon education; have a rela. 
tion to the school-room. 
1. The dialogues, recitations, and declamations gathered in 

this volume being fresh, short, 
lud easy to be comprehended, are 
well litted for the average scholars 
of our schools, 

2. They have mainly been used 
by teachers for actual school 
exercises. 

3. They cover a different ground 
from the speeches of Demosthenes 
and Cicero — which are iinlitted 
for boys of twelve to sixteen 
}ears of age. 

4. They have some practical in- 
terest for those who use them. 

5. There is not a vicious sen- 
tence uttered. In some dialogue 
books profanity is found, or dis- 
obedience to parents encouraged, 
or lying laughed at. Let teachers 
look out for this. 

6. There is something for the 
} oungest pupils. 

7. ••Memorial Day Exercises' for Bryant, Garfield, Lincoln, 
etc., will be found. 

8. Several Tree Planting exercises arc included. 

9. The exercises have relation to the school-room, and bear 
upon education. 

10. An important point is the freshness of these pieces. IVFost 
of them were written expressly for this collection, and can be 
found noiohere else. 




Boston Journal of Education.— " It is of practical value." 
Detroit Free Press.— •' Suitable for public and private schools." 
Western Ed. Journal.— "A series of very good selections." 



SEND Atili ORDERS TO 

E. L. KELLOGG & CO., NEW YORK <& CHICAGO. 35 




Seeleys Grubes Method of Teaching 

ARITHMETIC. Explained and illustrated. Also the im- 
provements on the method made by the followers of 
Gmbe in Germany. By Levi Seeley, Ph.D. Cloth, 
176 pp. Price, $1.00; to teachers 80 cents; by mail, 
7 cents extra. 

1. It IS A Philosophical 
Work. — This book has a sound 
philosophical basis. The child 
does not (as most teachers seem 
to think) learn addition, then 
subtraction, then multiplica- 
tion, then division; he learns 
these processes together. Grube 
saw this, and founded liis sys- 
tem on this fact. 

2. It Follows Nature's 
Plan.— Grube proceeds to de- 
velop (so to speak) the method 
by which the child actually be- 
comes (if he ever does) ac- 
quainted with 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, etc. 
This is not done, as some suj)- 
pose, by writing them on a 
slate. Nature has her method ; 

„.v. ^^.^ ^^^^.^.. she begins with things; after 

handling two things in certain ways, the idea of two is ob~ 
t; lined, and so ot other numbers. The chief value of this 
book then consists in shoiving what may be termed the way 
nature teaches the child number. , 

3. It is Valuable to Primary Teachers.— It begms and 
shows how the child can be tanght 1, then 2, then 3, &c. 
Hence it is a work especially valuable for the prmiary teacher. 
It gives mucli space to showing how the numbers up to 10 are 
(taught ; for if this be corrc&tly done, the pupil will almost 
teach liimself the rest. . 

4. It Can Be Used in iVDVANCED Grades.— It discusses 
tiietliods of teaching fractions, percentage, etc., so that it is a 
work valuable for all classes of teachers. 

ft„ It Guides the Teacher's Work.— It shows, for exam- 
ple" what the teacher can appropriately do the first year, what 
tlio second, the third, and the fourth. More than this, it sug- 
gests work for the teacher she would otherwise omit. 

Taking it altogether, it is the best work on teaching num* 
lir ever pubUshed.__ 1% is_very handsomely printed and bound. 



DR. LEVI SEELEY. 



SEND ALL ORDERS TO 

E. L. KELLOGG i& CO., NEW YORK & CHICAGO. 39 

Shaw and T>onnelTs School Devices. 

" ScnooL Devices." A book of ways and suggestions for teachers. 
By P^DWAKi) R. SiiAw and Webb i)o>!NELL,"of the High School at 
Yonkers, N. Y. Ilhistrated. Dark-blue cloth binding, gold, 
16rao, 289 pp. Price, $1.25; to teachers, $1.00; by mail, 9 cents 
extra. 

This valuable book has just been greatly im- 
proved by the addition of nearly 75 pages of 
entirely new material. 

m~-^A BOOK OF "WAYS" FOR TEACHERS..^ 

Teaching is an art; there are "ways to do it." This book is made 
to point out " ways," and to help by suggestions. 

1. It gives "ways" for teaching Language, Grammar, Eeading, 
Spelling,^ Geography, etc. These are in many cases novel ; they are 
designed to help attract the attention of the pupil. 

2. The " ways" given are not the questionable " ways" so often seen 
practised in school-rooms, but are in accord with the spirit of modern 
educational ideas. 

3-. This book will afford r)ra('tical assistance to teachers who wisli to 
keep their work from degenerating into mere routine. It gives them, 
in convenient form for constant use at the desk, a multitude of new 
ways in which to present old truths. The great enemy of the teacher 
is want of interest. Their methods do not attract attention. There is 
no teaching unless there is atierdioii. The teacher is too apt to think 
there is but one " way" of teaching spelling ; he thus falls into a rut. 
Now there are many" ways" of teaching spelling, and some "ways" 
are better than others. Variety must exist in the school-room ; the 
authors of this volume deserve the thanks of the teachers for pointing 
out methods of obtaining variety without sacrificing the great end 
sought — scholarship. New "ways" induce greater effort, and renewal 
of activity. 

4. The l)ook gives the result of large actual experience in the school- 
room, and will meet llie neinls of thousands of teachers, by placing at 
their command tlnit for Vthich visits to otlier schools are made, insti- 
tutes and associations attended, viz., new ideas and fresh aud f(»i'ceful 
ways of teaching. The devices given under Drawing and Physiology 
are' of an eminently practical nature, and cannot fail to invest these 
subjects with new int«'rest. The attempt has been made to present 
only devices <jf a practical character. 

5. The book suggests "ways" to make teaching cffectur ; it is not 
simply a book of pew "ways," but of "ways" th^t will produce goo4 
rgsviits, 



SEND ALL ORDERS TO 

E. L. KELLOGG & CO., NEW YORK & CHIGAGO. 



41 



Song Treasures. 



THE PRICE HAS BF.EN 
GKEATLY KEDUOED. 



Compiled by Amos M. Kellogg, editor of the Sc»iool Jour- 
nal. Beautiful and durable postal-card maiiilla cover, 
printed in two colors, 64 pp. Price, 15 cents each; to teachers^ 
12 cents; by mail, 2 cents extra. oOth thousand. Write foi^ 
our special ter7ns to schools for quantities. Sjjecial terms for use 
at Teachers' Institutes. 

This is a most ^r!nni!lMUIlJlilllllJ,i,,,,,lM.,,^!lII,]lUil,,,r,,[(,||^^^ 



valuable col 
lection of mu 
sic for all 
schools and in- 
stitutes. 

1. Most ofjil 
the pieces have i 
been selected \ 
by the teachers 
as favorites in 
the schools. 
They are the 
ones the pupils 
love to sing. 
It contains!! 
nearly 100 
pieces. 

2. All the pieces " have a ring 
learned, and will not be forgotten. 

3. The themes and words are appropriate for young people. 
In these respects the work will be found to possess unusual mei-it. 
Nature, the Flowers, the Seasons, the Home, our Duties, our 
Creator, are entuned with beautiful music. 

4. Great ideas may tind an entrance into the mind through 
music. Aspirations for the good, the beautiful, and the true are 
presented here in a musical form. 

5. Many of the words have been written especially for the 
book. One piece, " The Voice Within Us," p. 57, is worth the 
price of the book. 

6. The titles here given show the teacher what we mean : 

Ask the Children, Beauty Everywhere, Be in Time, Cheerfulness, 
Christmas Bells, Days of Simnner Glory, The Dearest Spot. Evening Son^, 
Gentle Words, Going to School, Hold up the Right Hand, I Love the Merry, 
Merry Sunshine, Kind Deeds, Over in tiie Meadows, Our Happy School, 
Scatter the Germs of the Beautiful, Time to Walk, The Jolly Workers, Th^ 
Te^cUer's Wfe, TritJUte to Whittier, etc,, ete, 




they 



easily 



SEND ALL, ORDERS TO 

E. L. KELLOGG & CO., NEW YORK & CHICAGO. 47 

IVelclfs Teachers Psychology. 

A Treatise on the Intellectual Faculties, the Order of the 
Growth, and the Corresponding Series of Studies by which 
the}'- are Educated. By the late A. S. Welch, Professor of 
Psychology, Iowa Agricultural College, formerly Pres. of 
the Mich, Normal School. Cloth, 12mo, 300 pp., $1.25; to 
teachers, $1; by mail, 12 cents extra. Special terms toi 



A mastery of the branches to be taught was once thought to be 
an all-sufficient preparation for teaching. But it is now seen that 
there must be a knowledge of the mind that is to be trained. 
Psychology is the foundation of intelligent pedagogy. Prof. 
Welch undertook to write a book that should deal with mind- 
unfolding, as exhibited in the 
school-room. He shows what is 
meant by attending, memorizing, 
judging, abstracting, imagining, 
classifying, etc., as it is done by 
the pupil over his text-books. First, 
there is the concept; then there is 
(1) gathering concepts, (2) storing 
concepts, (3) dividing concepts, 
(4) abstracting concepts, (5) build- 
lug concepts, (6) grouping con- 
cepts, (7) connecting concepts, 
(8) deriving concepts. Each of 
%^>-. these is clearly explained and il- 
2-^ lustrated ; the reader instead of 
being bewildered over strange 
terms comprehends that imagina- 
tion means a building up of con- 
cepts, and so of the other terms. 
A most valuable part of the book 
is its application to practical education. How to train these 
powers that deal with the concept — that is the question. There i 
must be exercises to train the mind to guther, store, divide, abstract, 
build, group, connect, and derive concepts. The author shows 
what studies do this ai)propriately, and where there are mistakes 
made in the selection of studies. The book will prove a valuable 
one to the teacher who wishes to know the structure of the mind 
and the way to minister to its growth. It would seem that at 
last a psychology had been written that would be u real aid, iu- 
§tead of a hindrance, to clear knowledge. 




Dr. a. S. Welch. 



LIBRARY OF CONGRESS 



010 546 458 7 




